Table of Content

10 December 2019, Volume 58 Issue 23

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Reviews

Review on the effects of drought stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice leaves

WANG Ben-fu, WANG Qing-Fang, LI Yang, ZHANG Zhi-sheng, YANG Xiao-long, LI Han-dong, CHENG Jian-ping

2019, 58(23):  5-5.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.001

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Drought stress mainly destroys the photosynthetic function of crop leaves, the normal photosynthesis of leaves is blocked, thus reducing the yield of crops. The effects of drought stress on leaf water potential, leaf photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme system were reviewed, which provided a theoretical reference for rice drought-resistant breeding and drought-resistant cultivation regulation.

Research progress of plant pollen abortion

ZHANG Peng-fei, ZHANG Dao-rong, LING Dong, LIU Xian-bin, ZHOU Fang-ju, TANG Qing-yi, SUN Hua-wei, TANG Qing

2019, 58(23):  10-15.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.002

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Many factors, such as pistillody of stamens, damage of stamens and abnormal pollen development, can lead to male sterility in plants and the formation of abortive pollen grains. The relationship between pollen abortion and respiration, membrane lipid peroxidation, material metabolism and sRNA in male sterile plants was reviewed.

Application of remote sensing technology in construction and management of irrigation and drainage engineering

MA Hai-rong, LUO Zhi-qing, CHEN Pin-ting, GUAN Bo

2019, 58(23):  16-20.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.003

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Irrigation and drainage engineering has characteristics of extensive distribution, complicated space distribution, and large quantity of projects, it is difficult to manage and protect them by conventional means. We made an initial exploration on the critical techniques and methods of irrigation and drainage engineering construction and management and protection based on remote sensing technology, aimed at improving the informatization level in the construction and management of irrigation and drainage engineering. The key technologies and methods of applying remote sensing technology on informatization construction and management and protection of irrigation and drainage engineering were studied. And based on the application requirements of informatization management and protection of irrigation and drainage engineering, the primary design of "intelligent irrigation and drainage engineering comprehensive application system" was proposed.

Breeding & Cultivation

General investigation and analysis of crop germplasm resources in hangyang county,Hubei province

HE Li-gang, XIANG Xi-cai, JIANG Ying-chun, WU Li-ming, WANG Zhi-jing, SONG Fang, TIAN Rui, JIAO Chun-hai, ZHANG Zai-jun

2019, 58(23):  21-26.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.004

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The data from general investigation in 1956, 1981, and 2014 of crop germplasm resources in Changyang county of Hubei province was analyzed, crop germplasm resources were accessed and compared systematically with each other on land operation ways, structure of agricultural industries, crop planting structure and variety composition. The findings will provide some clues for collection, conservation and development of local, wild and rare resources, which will contribute the advantage exploitation of natural resources, development of featured agriculture, rural revitalization and poverty alleviation for farmers in Changyang county.

Thoughts on rice breeding innovation of Hubei province under the new situation

WAN Bing-liang, XU De-ze, LI Jin-bo, ZHOU Lei, XU Hua-shan, LIU Kai, CHEN Shao-yu, YOU Ai-qing

2019, 58(23):  27-30.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.005

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With the advance of agricultural supply-side structural reform, the rice （Oryza sativa L.） planting industry changed from quantity-oriented growth to quality-oriented growth, and the new efficient planting pattern developed rapidly, which brought new challenges and opportunities to the rice breeding innovation of Hubei province. In order to meet the needs of the development of Hubei rice industry under the new situation, it was necessary to integrate various research personnel resources, strengthen dividing the work and cooperation, and focus on the breeding of hybrid rice suitable for mechanized production, high-quality conventional rice, ratooning rice, japonica two-line hybrid rice with high quality, and water-saving rice, which was, so as to provide variety support for the high-quality development of Hubei rice industry.

Simplified cultivation techniques and green prevention control of rice variety Huangkexiang No.1

CHEN Jie, TU Jun-ming, CAO Zhi-gang, ZHANG Qun, JIN Hong-mei, LI Cheng-fang, HUA Hong-xia, CAI Wan-lun

2019, 58(23):  31-32.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.006

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Huangkexiang No.1 is a cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.） variety breed by Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which is a high quality conventional rice though improved the resistance to blast and quality of Huanghuazhan. Though studying the cultivation techniques and green prevention and control, the technical support is provided for the demonstration and promotion of the key technologies of green and low-carbon direct seeding rice cultivation and the cultivation mode of cost-saving, high-yield and high-efficiency, so as to tap the potential of increasing yield, improve the quality of rice and increase the planting efficiency.

The breeding and application of two-line hybrid indica variety E-liangyou 1453

LI Jin-bo, XIA Ming-yuan, ZHOU Hou-cai, CAO Yong-sheng, WAN Bing-liang, QI Hua-xiong

2019, 58(23):  33-35.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.007

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E-liangyou 1453 is a two-line hybrid medium indica new variety combined by PGMS line E-nong 1S and R1453. The variety showed high yield, fine grain quality, comparatively good multiple resistance and suitable maturity. It was registered and released to commercial production by Hubei Provincial Crop Appraisal Committee in 2019. The breeding process, characteristics, key technical points of cultivation and seed production of E-liangyou 1453 were introduced.

Effects of coating agent Hanyubaomu seedling raising on rice grain yield in southeast Hubei province

ZHANG Tao-juan, PI Chu-shu, YAO Man, YANG Cheng, YE Fang, CHENG Jian-ping, ZAHGN Zhi-sheng

2019, 58(23):  36-37.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.008

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In order to make clear the effects of the coating agent Hanyubaomu on the quality and yield of the seedling in the early, middle and late rice（Oryza sativa L.）, the experiment demonstration was carried out in 13 villages and towns of the Xishui county. The results showed that the quality of seedling raising with seed coating agent Hanyubaomu was better than that by soft plate seedling raising,and the yield was higher than that of soft plate seedling raising. The appropriate sowing amount of seed-coating agent hybrid rice is 225 kg/hm², and the sowing amount is too large, and the quality of the seedlings is obviously poor and the yield is reduced.

Breeding of a new high yield hybrid rice combination Eliangyou 20

XU De-ze, ZHOU Li, XIA Ming-yuan, GAO Yan-qiong, LI Jin-bo, ZHENG Xing-fei, ZHOU Peng, YOU Ai-qing, FEI Zhen-jiang

2019, 58(23):  38-39.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.009

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E Liangyou 20 is a new variety of two-line medium Indica hybrid rice from crossing E Nong 1S with restorer R20 by Food Crops Institute of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The variety with proper plant type, high grain yield, wide adaptability and disease resistance has been certificated and registered by Hubei Committee for Crop Variety Registration in 2019 （No.2019005）. The breeding, characterization, cultivation and seed production technologies of this variety were introduced.

Screening experiment of ratoon rice suitable for machine harvesting in Jianghan plain

WANG You-yuan, JIANG Min, LIU Dao-hong, ZHONG Ming, CHEN Fang, LIU Jia-he

2019, 58(23):  40-44.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.010

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In order to screen new varieties of ratooning rice suitable for Jianghan plain, 27 rice varieties on the market were screened. The growth period, resistance and yield of the tested ratooning rice varieties were compared. The results shows that 9 varieties including Fengliangyou No.1, Liangyou 6326, Xinliangyou 223, Tianliangyou 616, Xieyou Hong No.1, Jingliangyou 534, Liangyou 671, Longliangyou 3463 and Longliangyou 534, are suitable for ratoon rice in Jianghan plain.

Breeding and cultivation techniques of Xiangmai D31

ZHAO Cui-rong, WANG Li-feng, LIU Ying, LU Yang, TANG Qing, LI Li

2019, 58(23):  45-48.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.011

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In order to rapidly cultivate and popularize new wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） varieties which is suitable for Hubei wheat region， with high quality and high yield and disease resistance， the research on the application of haploid technology in breeding new wheat varieties and their matching cultivation techniques has been carried out. Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences has developed a new wheat variety Xiangmai D31 using haploid technology. The variety was approved by Hubei Province Crop Appraisal Committee in 2017， and a two-factor split plot experiment of sowing date and density was carried out in autumn 2015 to explore suitable cultivation techniques for Xiangmai D31. The results show that， sowing date significantly affects grain yield and quality of Xiangmai D31， while density has little effect. The suitable sowing date and density of Xiangmai D31 in northern Hubei is 1.8 million seedlings/hm2 sparse sowing at the end of October， but dense sowing does not affects the yield. Haploid breeding is an efficient breeding method worthy of popularization.

Comparative study of three common maize varieties planted in early summer in Jiaodong region

LIU De-yao, LI Si-kai, ZHAO Jin-xi, WANG Xue-fen, HAN Shou-liang, LIU Xin-cheng

2019, 58(23):  49-52.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.012

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In order to optimize the wheat-maize double cropping system from the perspective of maize （Zea mays L.） varieties, maize varieties Jinhai No.5, Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 were selected as experimental materials and planted in early summer in Jiaodong region, and their basic traits were compared and studied. The results showed that the number of leaves of Jinhai No.5 was significantly lower than that of Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335; In plant height, XY335 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958 and Jinhai No.5; In lodging resistance, Jinhai No.5 and Xianyu 335 were better than Zhengdan 958; In growth traits of maize ears, Zhengdan 958 was better than Xianyu 335, while Jinhai No.5 was the worst; In resistance to corn borer, the order from strong to weak was Zhengdan 958, Jinhai No.5 and Xianyu 335; In theoretical yield, there was no considerably difference among three varieties; In disease resistance, Zhengdan 958 was less resistant to maize head smut. In conclusion, Xianyu 335 is an ideal maize variety for early summer planting in Jiaodong region, China.

Effects of fertilizer amount and planting density on yield and main agronomic traits of soybean Zhongdou 4601

YANG Fang, CHEN Yan, WANG Yuan-yuan, DENG Jun-bo, YAO Wang, CHEN Yong

2019, 58(23):  53-56.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.013

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Soybean[Glycine max（Linn.） Merr.] variety Zhongdou 4601 was used as experimental material, a two-factor randomized block experiment was conducted to study the effects of fertilizer amount and planting density on the yield and agronomic traits of Zhongdou 4601. The results showed that the fertilization amount and planting density had significant effects on the yield of Zhongdou 4601. The difference between different fertilization treatments reached a very significant level. The interaction between fertilization amount and planting density had no effect on the yield of Zhongdou 4601. At a planting density of 330 000.0 plants/hm² to 660 000.0 plants/hm²,the yield of Zhongdou 4601 decreased with the increase of planting density. The number of main stems, effective branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and seeds weight per plant all decreased with increasing planting density. In Jingmen city, the yield of Zhongdou 4601 with 300 kg/hm² ternary compound fertilizer as base fertilizer was the highest when the planting density was 330 000.0 plants/hm².

Resource & Environment

Spatial distribution characteristics of returning straw for mouldboard plow and hydraulic amplitude modulated reversible plow

LIU Fang-ming, SUN Yun-yun, GAO Yu-shan, DOU Jin-gang, HOU Zhong-hua, WAN Cheng-shan, LIU Hui-tao, WANG Li-chun

2019, 58(23):  57-59.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.014

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The effects of straw chopper on the straw length and inhomogeneity were studied. The vertical distribution characteristics of returning straw among four kinds of mechanical combination treatments were compared. The results showed that the horizontal distribution of straw was more uniform in treatment of the straw chopper. Straw mostly distributed in soil layer of 10 cm to 30 cm, espectivelly 20 cm to 30 cm layer in treatment of hydraulic amplitude modulated reversible plow added straw chopper, the effect of mixing soil was better than others.

Effects of different fertilizers on the yield and quality of potato

SU Xiu-li, FANG Zhi-guo, ZHANG Jie, WEN Hai-xia, ZHU Jie, WANG Si-qing, LI Xiong-cai, WU Shan

2019, 58(23):  60-62.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.015

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To selecte the best substitution fertilizer varieties and their proportions, the effect of the partial substitution chemical fertilizer of different kinds of new fertilizer on potato（Solanum tuberosum L.） yield was studied. The results showed that the yield of potato treated with high efficiency new fertilizer with organic fertilizer and potato compound fertilizer was higher than that treated with without fertilization（CK1）, potato compound fertilizer of 1 500 kg/hm²（CK2） and potato compound fertilizer of 1 125 kg/hm²（CK3）, and the ratio of increase in production was 21.80%,11.77% and 18.69%,respectively. While the quality, potassium, and VC content of this treatment were high. And at the same time,25% of fertilizer application could be reduced.

Effects of flooding stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Chinese cabbage seedlings

ZHU Jin, PENG Yu-quan, SHEN Ruo-yan, LI Wen-jing, ZHOU Guo-lin, HUANG Xing-xue

2019, 58(23):  63-71.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.016

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The effects of flooding stress on aboveground growth and physiological characteristics of Chinese cabbage （Brassicacampestris ssp.chinensis L.） seedlings were studied by using a two-factor randomized block design. The results showed that the above ground fresh weight and dry weight of four Chinese cabbage varieties were significantly lower than the control at 10 and 15 days after waterlogging, indicating that the above ground growth of Chinese cabbage was inhibited by waterlogging stress. However, the four Chinese cabbage varieties did not die after 15 days of flooding, indicating that the four Chinese cabbage varieties were relatively resistant to flooding. At 5 days, 10 days and 15 days after waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of the four Chinese cabbage varieties were significantly lower than that of the control, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly higher than that of the control, indicating that the photosynthesis of Chinese cabbage was inhibited under waterlogging stress and was damaged to a higher degree. Meanwhile, the activity of SOD, POD, CAT, PPO, APX and the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline of the four Chinese cabbage varieties were significantly higher than that of the control group at 10 and 15 days after waterlogging, indicating that the four Chinese cabbage varieties could resist waterlogging stress by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes on the one hand, and adapt to waterlogging stress by increasing the content of osmotic regulatory substances on the other hand. After 5 days of recovery, the CAT activity, MDA and proline contents of the 4 Chinese cabbage varieties were significantly lower than that after 15 days of flooding, indicating that the physiological state of Chinese cabbage was restored to some extent.

Effects of continuous cropping obstacle on the characteristics of Ejiangdou No.5 and Ejiangdou No.8

CHEN Dan, ZHANG Jie, LI Rui-qi, TAN Shun-lin, WANG Si-qing

2019, 58(23):  72-73.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.017

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The effects of continuous cropping obstacles on the characteristics of two new cowpea[Vigna unguiculata （Linn.）Walp] varieties Ejiangdou No.5 and Ejiangdou No.8 were analyzed. The experimental results showed that continuous cropping obstacles could cause small leaves, light pods, short pods, thin pods, premature failure, and serious pests and diseases, which could directly lead to a significant reduction in the output of the early stage and total output. The continuous cropping of leguminous crops should be avoided, and paddy-upland rotation and different families rotation shall be carried out.

Analysis of meteorological conditions and harm factors for growth of Gongshui white pomelo

ZHOU Jian-shan, SHAN Xing-you, PAN Han-biao, PAN Hong-xiang, LUO Ya-jun, ZHANG An-kui, XIANG Xiao-qin, CHEN Hai-ying

2019, 58(23):  74-78.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.018

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The effects of the weather conditions of temperature, water content, illumination, etc. on the growing development of white pomelo were analyzed based on the whether data of Xuan’en county,Hubei province, from 1981 to 2011. And meanwhile, the influence and probability of the detrimental factors affecting the quantity of production and quality of white pomelo were also analyzed. The main detrimental factors contained low temperature stress in dormancy period, low temperature and overcast and rainy, high temperature damage, strong wind in flowering period, drought in fruit swelling period, etc. The results demonstrate that the high heat amount and the long frost-free development season of Xuen’en county with low-relief terrain characteristic can sufficiently satisfy the temperature and heat requirements of Gongshui white pomelo; The sufficient natural precipitation and moist air can totally satisfy the water content requirement of normal growing development of white pomelo, the illumination requirement of which can also be satisfied. The unfrequent and low intensive frozen injury favors the normal dormancy of while pomelo in most years. Low temperature stress in dormancy, low temperature and overcast and rainy in flowering period, high temperature damage and strong wind are the main detrimental factors affecting the quantity production of white pomelo, while drought in fruit swelling period is the main detrimental factor affecting the quality of white pomelo. The detrimental influences on the growing development of white pomelo from low temperature stress, low temperature and overcast and rainy, high temperature damage, strong wind, drought are of low and middle levels, and only for the quantity production and quality of white pomelo of the current year.

Study on the effects of the landscape pattern on the thermal environment in urban communities in Chengdu city

JIANG LIU Guang-yan, GU Ji-rong, PAN Hong-jun

2019, 58(23):  79-85.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.019

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Taking the GF-1 remote sensing image of August 13, 2014 as the main data source, the land cover data and the corresponding surface temperature of the typical urban district in Chengdu are obtained. The landscape index of the category level is put forward from the density, shape, spread and connectivity, respectively, and the quantitative relationship between the landscape pattern of the urban district and the thermal environment at the category level is analyzed. The results showed that the larger the patch area of vegetation and the percentage of patch in plot landscape, the more complex the shape of vegetation patch, the better the boundary continuity, the higher the concentration of distribution, the higher the connectivity and the lower the degree of fragmentation, which was beneficial to alleviate the thermal effect of urban district. The more complex the shape of water plaque, the more obvious the cooling effect of the community. The building plaque is broken, the shape is complex and the distribution is dense, which will cause the temperature of the community to rise. On the contrary, the smaller the hard surface plaque is divided and the distribution is dispersed, causing the temperature of the cell to decrease. Therefore, in the design of the urban community, it should be noted that when the urban residential quarters is formed by the vegetation, the building and the hard surface,the three types of land covered to form the cell landscape, the density of vegetation and building plaque is increased, the shape complexity of the plaque in the building and the hard surface and the distribution of the building patches are increased, the percentage of the hard surface landscape is increased, the thermal effect of the urban residential quarters is enhanced, the degree of the division of the vegetation and the hard surface patch is increased, and the thermal environmental effect of the urban residential quarters is reduced.

Plant Protection

Okaramines：A group of natural insecticidal indole alkaloids with new mode of action

ZHANG Zun-xia, WANG Yue-yin, ZHANG Ya-ni, ZHANG Zhi-gang, WANG Kai-mei

2019, 58(23):  86-90.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.020

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Okaramines, produced by some species of Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., are a group of natural indole alkaloids with new mode of action of insecticidal activity. Up to now, more than 20 Okaramine analogues have been discovered, and most of them showed insecticidal activity with Bombyx mori as target insect. Of the Okaramine analogues, Okaramine B showed the highest insecticidal activity. The studies on structure-activity relationship showed that the azetidine and azocine rings and the methoxy group were highly related to the insecticidal activity. Okaramines can activate the glutamate gated chloride channel in insect neurons. The okaramines were biosynthesized in fungi with tryptoan as the starting unit. Okaramines were diversely biosynthesized through the catalysis by nonribosomal peptide synthase, flavin-dependent monooxygenase, prenyltransferase, P450 monooxygenase, α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, and methyltransferase, etc. encoded by clustered biosynthetic genes as clarified through genome mining, gene deletion and inactivation, and heterogenous expression.

Study on optimization of fermentation medium of Bacillus velezensis CY30 by using response-surface method

LIU Fang, LIAO Xian-qing, ZHOU Rong-hua, CHEN Wei, RAO Ben, HUANG Da-ye

2019, 58(23):  91-94.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.021

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To optimize the fermentation medium of Bacillus velezensis CY30 for enhancing the spore counts in the fermentation broth, the key factors among the media components were investigated by using Plackett-Burman（PB） design. The central axises of these factors were determined by using steepest-ascent method. The optimized medium for Bacillus velezensis CY30 was determined by central combination design and response surface method. The results demonstrated that the key factors influcening the spore counts in fermentation broth were sweet potato powder and yeast extract. The optimized medium was obtained through response surface analysis was 37.52 g/L of sweet potato powder, 15.29 g/L of yeast extract. The estimated maximum spore counts was 9.12 billion CFU/mL, while the real spore counts was 9.75 billion CFU/mL in shake-flask fermentation. The spore counts of the fermentation broth with optimized medium was 53% higher than that before the optimization（6.38 billion CFU/mL）.

Study on invasion risk of alien plants Pontederia cordata L. and Cortaderia selloana

LIU Yun-zhe, LI Shuai-jie, CAI Xiu-zhen

2019, 58(23):  95-100.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.022

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The growth habits, morphological and reproductive characteristics of the alien plants Pontederia cordata L. and Cortaderia selloana were detailed observed and systematically described. The climate suitability of P. cordata L. and C. selloana were analyzed, combining the domestic climate types, speculated possible introduction areas of P. cordata L. and C. selloana, and constructed the risk assessment system by using analysis hierarchy process（AHP）. The results showed that the invasion risk of P. cordata L. and C. selloana was mainly manifested in three aspects, strong environmental adaptability, possibility of diffusion, high cost and difficulty of prevention. The two plants have a moderate risk of invasion, so their introduction needs to be strictly restricted and supervision strengthened. Finally, the corresponding countermeasures and management suggestions were proposed for the risk of invasion of P. cordata L. and C. selloana, and put forward some ideas for the next research work.

Horticulture & Local Products

Research on mulberry photosynthesis transcriptome

LI Yong, YU Cui, MO Rong-li, DENG Wen, XIONG Chao, ZHUANG Chu-xiong, HU Xing-ming

2019, 58(23):  101-111.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.023

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The photosynthesis characteristics and photosynthetic related gene expression of high-yield mulberry varieties Esang 1 （E1） and control mulberry variety Husang 32（H32） were studied to provide a theoretical basis for high-efficiency breeding of mulberry trees and screening of germplasm resources. Using LI-6400XT mulberry leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and ribulose carboxylase（RUBP） activity were measured simultaneously, transcriptome sequencing was performed on the peaks and valleys of mulberry photosynthesis curves, and the differences in photosynthetic related gene expression among different mulberry varieties were compared. The results of photosynthetic variation of E1 and H32 showed that the Pn peak of E1 leaves was significantly larger than that of H32（P<0.05）, and the peak of Tr of H32 leaves was significantly larger than that of E1 （P<0.05）. In the Pn-PAR and Pn-Ci responses of different mulberry leaves, CE and CSP were E1>H32, AQY, LCP, LSP and CCP were H32>E1. The ability of E1 to achieve photosynthetic product accumulation under weaker light intensity is stronger than that of H32, and the utilization efficiency of E1 to low concentration CO₂ is better than that of H32; among the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of different mulberry varieties, ΦPSII and qP of E1 leaves were significantly higher than H32 （P<0.05）, and NPQ of H32 was significantly larger than E1 （P<0.05）, indicating that the light energy absorbed by H32 leaves was mainly dissipated in the form of heat energy; the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll content of H32 were significantly lower than E1（P<0.05）, and the RUBP activity of E1 was higher than that of H32（P>0.05）, indicating that the photosynthetic capacity of E1 was better than that of H32. 3 356 DEGs were found in different varieties and different time periods. The metabolic pathway analysis showed that there were 1 136 DEGs annotated to the KEEG database. The photosynthesis-related metabolic pathways significantly enriched by DEGs were mainly photosynthetic carbon sequestration, carbon metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Photosynthetically related metabolic pathways. A total of 10 new genes related to photosynthesis were screened for highly differentially expressed genes with FC≥2 and FDR<0.01. The four DEGs, Mulberry_newGene_3646, Mulberry_newGene_1405, Mulberry_newGene_2419 and Mulberry_newGene_320, may be the key genes causing the difference in net photosynthetic rate and yield between H32 and E1, which can be studied intensively.

Mechanism of the quality and molding pressure of green brick tea based on in-mold steaming process

TENG Jing, GONG Zi-ming, TU Xiu-liang, WANG Sheng-peng, LIU Pan-pan, ZHENG Peng-cheng, GAO Shi-wei

2019, 58(23):  112-115.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.024

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Taking 130 g green brick tea as an example, samples were made under different molding pressures. The appearance sensory analysis of the samples shows that when the pressure on the brick surface is greater than 6 MPa, the shape of the tea brick is better. With the further increase of the pressure, the forming effect is further optimized. Near infrared spectroscopy analysis shows that the appearance of finished bricks was significantly different under five different treatments. The results of chemical composition analysis shows that the total water extract of finished bricks increased with the increase of molding pressure, and the inflection point appeared at 18 MPa. The relationship between catechin content and pressure was not significant. The comprehensive results show that the optimal forming pressure of high quality brick tea is 12 MPa, which provides a theoretical basis for the mould design and new products development.

Diversity analysis of total polyphenols in leaves of sand pear germplasms

FAN Jing, CHEN Qi-liang, YANG Xiao-ping, ZHANG Jing-guo, HU Hong-ju

2019, 58(23):  116-118.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.025

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In order to compare the diversity of total phenolic content in leaves of different sand pear germplasm resources, the total phenolic content of 117 leaves of different sand pear varieties was examined and analyzed. The results showed that the total polyphenol content in fresh leaves of different sand pear varieties ranged from 8.67-32.29 mg/g, the average total polyphenol content was 20.44 mg/g, the coefficient of variation was 22.92%, and the genetic diversity index was 2.09. The average coefficient of variation of different germplasm types was local breed （23.81%） larger than domestic breeds （23.63%） than foreign introduced varieties （19.03%）, and the average genetic diversity index is that the domestic varieties（1.82） of local varieties （2.10） are larger than the imported varieties （1.80）.

Dynamic observation of the fruit expansion and new shoot growth in Jinbi pear

YANG Xiao-ping, CHEN Qi-liang, ZHANG Jing-guo, FAN Jing, HU Hong-ju

2019, 58(23):  119-121.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.026

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In order to study the relationship of new shoot growth and fruit development, the new shoot length, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruit of the six-year-old Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai Jinbi were measured regularly. The results showed that in Wuhan, the new shoots of Jinbi pear began to grow in late March and stopped growing in mid-June. The length of new shoots increased from 3.24 cm to 68.98 cm, and the growth period was 84 d. There were 2 growth peaks during growth. On April 13th and May 18th, respectively, the fruit of Jinbi pear began to bear fruit from the beginning of April, and the fruit matured and stopped growing in late August, with a growth period of 153 days. The growth of the longitudinal and transverse diameter of the fruit showed a S-shaped curve, and there were two growth peaks during the development, which were in the middle and late April and early June. The growth of new shoots is closely related to fruit growth and development. On April 13th, the new shoots competed with the fruit growth nutrients fiercely, and then gradually weakened. After May 25, the new shoots began to stop growing, and the fruits rapidly expanded and reached the peak of growth on June 8.

Characteristics and cultivation points of a cabbage combination resistant to clubroot disease,Ziyu 60

LI Qing-shan, LI Jin-quan, DONG Bin-feng, NIE Qi-jun

2019, 58(23):  122-123.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.027

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The characteristics and cultivation points of cabbage Ziyu60 with purple flowering stalk were introduced. Ziyu 60 is a hybrid prepared by using Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile line ZY1422 as the female parent and anti-root disease inbred line GJ3 as the male parent. It is precocious and cultivated in autumn and winter in Wuhan for about 60-65 days, with high resistance to clubroot disease, vegetable meal has a small amount of wax powder, ochre purple, fleshy light green, good quality.

Physiological response of four lavender varieties to soil drought stress

XIANG Wei-wei, WANG Jian-wu, WANG Xiao-rong, CHEN Miao-miao

2019, 58(23):  124-127.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.028

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To study the adaptability of four lavender varieties under soil drought stress, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the introduction and cultivation of lavender in Yulin area, five physiological indexes of drought resistance of four lavender varieties through drought stress treatment for 0, 5, 10, 15,20,25,30 days were measured and analyzed. The results showed that with the prolongation of drought stress, the leaf relative water content （RWC） of four lavender varieties decreased, among which that of British rose Lavender was the lowest. The content of malondialdehyde （MDA） fluctuated greatly, first increased slightly and then decreased and then increased sharply and then decreased. It reached a high value at 25 d, and the content of France Provence lavender was high. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） increased first and then decreased, and reached a high value at 15 d. Comprehensive evaluation of four kinds of lavender, the ability to adapt to drought stress from the largest to the smallest are sky lavender, narrow leaf lavender, French Provence lavender, British rose lavender. In the relatively dry Yulin area, try the introduction and cultivation of sky lavender.

Study on seedling technology of Polygonum cuspidatum seeds in field

FENG Hai-dong, ZHOU Ming, LI Kun, SI Hai-qian, ZHOU Jun, GUO Rui, ZHANG Bin, WU Qiang-sheng, ZHANG Ze-Zhi

2019, 58(23):  128-129.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.029

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Based on the development status and problems of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc. in Fangxian county, Hubei province, from the various production links of seed storage, land preparation, sowing, field management, pest control, and mining, the technology of seedling cultivation of P. cuspidatum seeds was introduced.

Study on total artificial illumination cultivation conditions of Arabidopsis thaliana

ZHANG Zhi-gang, WANG Kai-mei, WU Zhao-yuan, WAN Zhong-yi, ZHANG Zhun-xia

2019, 58(23):  130-131.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.030

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The wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana （Col） was used as a material, under the conditions of total artificial light source, the factors affecting the growth, temperature and sowing mode of A. thaliana were compared; the leaf growth rate, convulsion time and seed yield per plant of A. thaliana under different conditions were determined to measure the growth of A. thaliana. The results showed that the suitable light intensity of A. thaliana was 8 000~12 000 lx; the optimum light length was 9 h; the suitable temperature was 19 ℃; the direct seeding was more suitable for seedling vegetative growth..

Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine

Pathogenic effects of biofilm,virulence genes and drug resistance genes on APEC

LU Qin, LUO Qing-ping, ZHANG Teng-fei, LUO Ling, WANG Hong-cai, WANG Hong-lin, WEN Guo-yuan, ZHANG Rong-rong, ZHANG Wen-ting, SHAO Hua-bin

2019, 58(23):  132-135.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.031

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Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli （APEC） is one of the major bacterial pathogens that endangers the development of the poultry industry, and has brought serious harm to the development of the poultry industry. In order to study the relationship between pathogenicity and drug resistance of APEC,the distribution of virulence genes, the biofilm formation ability and the distribution of drug resistance genes were discussed from three aspects,which were the distribution of virulence gene, the ability of biofilm formation and the distribution of drug resistance gene. The results provided a theoretical basis for the later study of the pathogenic mechanism and drug resistance mechanism of avian Escherichia coli, and carried out epidemiological investigation and surveillance of avian colibacillosis, and provided theoretical data for the prevention and control of avian Escherichia coli.

Study on fermentation mode and fermentation effect of large-scale cattle breeding bed

YANG Qian-ping, ZHAO Na, LI Xiao-feng, XIONG Qi, SUO Xiao-jun, ZHANG Nian, TAO Hu, CHEN Ming-xin

2019, 58(23):  136-138.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.032

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In order to study the fermentation and reuse of cattle manure bed, to solve the contradiction between cattle environmental pollution and industrial development, a fermentation experiment was carried out in some houses of the 300 large-scale dairy farms in Huanggang city, and the 1 200 large-scale beef cattle farms in Jingmen city of Hubei province. The mode and fermentation effect of the bed fermentation were investigated. The results showed that the fermentation of dairy cattle breeding bed should adopt ectopic fermentation, and the fermentation of beef cattle breeding bed should adopt the combination mode of in situ fermentation and ectopic fermentation, or adopt the ectopic fermentation mode. The strain should be combined with Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and Thermosporium thermophila in a certain ratio. After the fermentation of the litter, the fertilizer efficiency increased, most of the heavy metals were degraded, and the total number of bacteria increased, while E. coli decreased significantly. The large-scale cattle breeding bed can be reused after fermentation and decomposing.

Effects of Cep164 gene deletion on embryonic mouse brain development

WANG Chun-hua

2019, 58(23):  139-141.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.033

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To reveal the function of Cep164 gene in mouse brain development, the expression level of Foxg1,Otx2,Gbx2,Fgf8 and En1 in embryonic brain with Cep164 gene deletion was detected by in situ hybridization experiment. The results showed that the expression of Gbx2 and Otx2 in the brain, and Fgf8 in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, were no significant change in the Cep164 mutation embryonic mice, compared with wild type. But the expression of Foxg1 in telencephalic vesicles, the Fgf8 in anterior neural ridge, the Otx2 in eye and olfaction plate, and En1 in ventral midbrain and anterior hindbrain decreased. The all results reveal Cep164 is an important gene to maintain the normal brain development. Cep164 gene mutation could cause forebrain dysplasia, mainly affect olfaction and vision.

Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli from yellow diarrhea in piglets

LIU Ze-wen, YUAN Fang-yan, LIU Wei, GAO Ting, ZHOU Dan-na, YANG Ke-li, DUAN Zheng-ying, GUO Rui, LIANG Wan, TIAN Yong-xiang

2019, 58(23):  142-144.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.034

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In a pig farm in Hong'an county, Hubei province, newborn piglets developed a disease characterized by severe diarrhea, discharge of yellow feces and rapid dehydration; after pathogen isolation, Gram staining, PCR identification, biochemical tests and serotype identification, E. coli infection in newborn piglets was determined. According to the serotype identification, the isolated strain belongs to the cilia antigen 987P type, and the strain is sensitive to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime.

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine on intestinal microbial diversity and egg production rate of laying hens

SHAO Zhi-yong, YANG Wen-hai, GONG Ping, HE Bin, WU Li-jun, CHEN Jie, CHEN Xia-bing

2019, 58(23):  145-147.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.035

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Taking the laying hen variety Beinong No.1 as the research object, Chinese herbal medicine （group B）, Chinese herbal medicine + probiotics （group C） were added to the feed, and the bacterial community structure changes of the laying hens were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing, and the egg production rate were compared. The results showed that the intestinal bacterial community structure of laying hens fed with traditional Chinese medicine had obvious changes, and the ratio of bacterial diversity to non-added group was significantly lower, and the difference of group C was significant. The abundances of Enterococcus, Bacillus and Clostridium were significantly increased, and the abundance of Enterococcus was the most obvious. The abundance of Bacteroides was significantly reduced. The egg production rate of group B and group C was significantly improved. It can be seen that Chinese herbal medicine and probiotics can improve the intestinal bacterial community structure, promote the colonization of Enterococcus in the intestines of laying hens, and effectively improve the production performance of laying hens.

Comparative analysis of peroxidase in digestive system of Apodemus agrarius and A. peninsulae

JIA Xiu-qi, YANG Xin-yu, WANG Xi-wei, XU Chun-yu, JIN Zhi-min

2019, 58(23):  148-150.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.036

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In order to provide basic biochemical data for the experimental animalization of Apodemus agrarius and A. peninsulae and the prevention and control of agro-forest and rats, the distribution and activity of peroxidase in the digestive system of two kinds of mice were compared and analyzed by PAGE method. The results showed that the peroxidases in the digestive system of A. agrarius and A. peninsulae were all expressed, and there were significant differences in the activity and distribution of peroxidase between the same individuals and the digestive system of the two species.

Study on the hunger resistance of Apodemus peninsulae

YU Cheng-wen, XU Chun-yu, JIA Xiu-qi, SHA Si-tong, JIN Zhi-min

2019, 58(23):  151-153.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.037

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In order to study the hunger resistance of Apodemus peninsulae, 12 mice were divided into three groupsno water and no food, no water but with food, with water but no food, in the summer and autumn. The results showed that the average hunger-tolerant time of 12 A. peninsulae in the summer group was 112.00±55.02 h, of which the average hunger-tolerant time was 100.00±56.27, 83.00±27.14, 149.75±63.82 h for the groups of no water and no food, no water but with food, with water but no food respectively. In the autumn group, the average hunger-tolerant time of 12 A. peninsulae was 100.25±34.51 h, of which the average hunger-free time of the groups of no water and no food, no water but with food, with water but no food was 88.25±47.23, 92.75±23.31, and 119.75±28.62 h, respectively. Under the condition of no water and no food, no water but with food, the hunger resistance of A. peninsulae is stronger in summer than in autumn. Under the condition of with water but no food, the hunger resistance of A. peninsulae is stronger in autumn than in summer. It shows that the hunger resistance of A. peninsulae is strong, and there are certain differences in summer and autumn, and the hunger-resistant time is related to the rate of weight loss.

Storage & Processing

Development of Bingfen coffee

ZHU Xiao-yu, XING Jian-hua, XU Qi-tai

2019, 58(23):  154-156.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.038

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In order to enrich the variety of instant coffee and areca products, coffee powder, areca polysaccharide and polyphenol, walnut powder and sugar were used as main ingredients to develop Bingfen coffee, which has a unique flavor. The formula of Bingfen coffee was determined by single factor test and orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimum formula were coffee powder 20%, areca polysaccharide and polyphenol 2%, sugar 42%, walnut powder 33%. The addition of areca polysaccharide and polyphenols to instant coffee improves the fruit acid taste and pleasure of coffee,and thus the quality of traditional coffee is improved.

Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fluorescens

QI Guo-hong, BA Yun-ying, YANG Zhi-ping, CHEN Gui-tang, WANG Hai-xiang

2019, 58(23):  157-159.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.039

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The inhibitory effect of garlic extract on biofilm development in Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied. The biofilm produced by the bacteria was determined using crystal violet staining and light microscope, phenol sulfuric acid method was used to test the production of extracellular polysaccharides, the synergistic effect of garlic extract with potassium sorbate was studied by porous plate method. The results showed that the inhibitory rates of garlic extract on biofilm development were 27.6% and 38.7%, the inhibitory rates on extracellular polysaccharide were 4.5% and 12.6%, respectively, at the concentration of the garlic extract 100 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL, garlic extract showed synergistic effect with potassium sorbate at the concentration of 100 mg/mL. Therefore, garlic extract inhibited the biofilm formation in P. fluorescens.

Study on processing technology of low-sugar kiwi preserved fruit

TANG Li-li, SONG jie, MA Zhao-rui, LONG Ming-hua, YAO Rui-qi

2019, 58(23):  160-163.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.040

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With fresh kiwi fruit as raw material,low sugar preserved fruit was made by microwave sugar infiltration technology. The effects of pretreatment methods, gelatin concentration and sugar permeation time on quality of preserved kiwifruit with low sugar were investigated using single factor and L₉（3⁴） orthogonal array design methods. The optimal process was determined by measuring the sugar content of the preserved fruit and the sensory quality of the product. The results showed that kiwi fruit slices were pretreated by freezing, and the best effect of microwave sugar infiltration was 35 min in the sugar solution with 0.8% gelatin content.Under these conditions, the product had good color, shape and taste.The sugar content of preserved fruit was 37.82%, and the sensory score was 94.8.

Study on the quality changes of Paramisgurnus dabryanus in Taiwan under different storage temperatures

SUN Chong, LIU Xia, LI Ming-hao, SUN Han-chang

2019, 58(23):  164-167.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.041

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Using Paramisgurnus dabryanus as research object, the total bacteria,pH value,K value and volatile base nitrogen（the total volatile basicnitrogen TVB-N） values were tested,combined with sensory evaluation, the change of physicochemical qualities and microbiology in fresh Paramisgurnus dabryanus at three different temperature conditions were investigated. The results showed that with the extension of storage time,the total number of colonies,volatile basic nitrogen,K value were arising significantly（P<0.01） at the storage condition of -3 ℃,4 ℃,12 ℃. pH values decreased at first and then increased. The rate of change of each index at the storage temperature of 4 ℃ and 12 ℃ is higher than the rate at -3 ℃. The sensory score showed a decreasing trend. Comprehensive result analysis, the edible period of Paramisgurnus dabryanus was 15 days at the storage condition of -3 ℃, 6 days at 4 ℃ and 2 days at 12 ℃. Therefore, low temperature storage can obviously prolong the edible period of Paramisgurnus dabryanus meat in Taiwan.

Preparation of tobacco stem based modified porous materials and application in cigarette smoke

ZHANG Ling, YANG Jian-yun, ZHU Long, TIAN Meng-yu, ZHANG Wei, TANG Dan-yu, GAO Rui, LI Zhen-jie, ZHAO Ying-liang, WEI Ke-yi

2019, 58(23):  168-170.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.042

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Using the residue of tobacco stem which had extracted as material,a new modified porous material was prepared by fermentation pretreatment, microwave drying and granulation, semi-carbonation and KOH modification. The surface morphology, specific surface area and pore structure of semi-carbonized porous materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, specific surface area and pore analyzer. The results showed that the surface of the modified porous materials was typical porous structure which mainly was based on a large number of cavities and pores. The material had high specific surface area and pore volume. Compared to the control cigarettes, the filter rod with modified porous material can reduce the tar and the seven hazardous substances of the cigarette smoke. The sensory quality showed that the material could make the cigarette smoke soften and finer.

Detection Analysis

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the application of the determination of forty kinds of organophosphorus pesticide residues

WANG Xue, WANG Dun, ZHANG Shu-juan, CHU Qian-mei, ZHANG Qian, ZHU Meng-jie, HUANG Da-ming

2019, 58(23):  171-175.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.043

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This paper used QuEChERS method, combined with NY/T 761-2008 and GB23200.8-2016 partial pretreatment methods, to extract pesticides from samples and purify and concentrate them. Then 19 organophosphates and 21 organochlorine pesticides in various vegetables were tested by using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry methods. The results showed that the recovery rate of 40 pesticides in vegetable samples was 63.5%~116.8%, which met the requirements of pesticide residue analysis. The whole process was more efficient and simple than the original method, with less solvent use, and more in line with the requirements of modern environmental protection.

Determination of 25 pesticide residues in tea by QuEChERS and SPE

LU Sen-hua, LIANG Shuang, LI Qiang, CHEN Yu, PANG Xiao-lian, ZHONG Ying-ying, TANG Ming-hua

2019, 58(23):  176-181.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.044

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A high-throughput quantitative method for the determination of 25 pesticides in tea by GC-MS/MS was established by comparing the QuEChERS method with the traditional SPE method. The factors influencing the extraction and purification effect of QuEChERS and SPE were investigated, and the matrix effect of them was analyzed. The linear relationship of 25 pesticides in the concentration range of 33.33~333.3 ng/mL was good, the correlation coefficient was>0.990, the detection limit of the method was 0.04~3.00 μg/kg, the recovery was 74.99%~104.71%, and the corresponding RSD was 0.4%~9.0%; the linear relationship of 25 pesticides in SPE was good in the concentration range of 25.0~300.0 ng/mL, the correlation coefficient was>0.990, the detection limit of the method was 0.004~0.300 μg/kg. The recovery was 62.90%~104.04%, and the corresponding RSD was 0.2%~6.4%. There was no significant difference in sensitivity and precision between the two methods, which met the requirements of pesticide residue analysis. However, the matrix effect of SPE method is smaller than that of QuEChERS method, and the purification is relatively thorough. Compared with SPE method, QuEChERS method is simpler in operation and faster in detection. Both of the two methods can be used for high-throughput quantitative detection of pesticides in tea samples to ensure reliable control of pesticide residues in tea at the MRL level set by the national food safety standard.

Determination and analysis of nitrite in milk powder by 2 kinds of national standards

CHEN Jun-xiu, LIANG Meng-jun, ZHANG Rui-yu, LIU Xiao-song, MA Xiao-nian

2019, 58(23):  182-184.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.045

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Using ion chromatography and spectrophotometry methods to determine nitrite in milk powder according to the national standard GB 5009.33-2016 Determination of nitrite and nitrate in food. Colorimetric and injection the samples after pretreatment, good linear relationship in the range of 0.02~0.20 mg/L by 2 kinds of methods, correlation coefficient were above 0.999. Participate capability verification of determining nitrite in milk power in 2017, the detected value is within the allowable range of the capability verification reference value tested by 2 kinds of methods, Z was less than 2.0 and the results of the assessment was satisfactory, it shows that both methods were accurate and stable. Both methods can be used for the detection of nitrite in milk powder, ion chromatography has better repeatability and accuracy, and the method was superior to spectrophotometry in terms of sample preparation and environmental protection.

Analysis of volatile compounds in cassia twig and honey cassia twig by HS-SPME-GC-MS

MA Yin-yu, LU Jin-qing, HAN Man

2019, 58(23):  185-188.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.046

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The volatile components in the cassia twig and honey cassia twig were analyzed by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction （HS-SPME） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） techniques. The relative hundred of each component was calculated by area normalization method. The results show that 42 peaks were detected from the raw materials of cassia twig, and 27 components were identified, accounting for 75.53% of the volatile components,the highest content was cinnamaldehyde（42.28%）; 46 peaks were detected from the honey twig, and 31 components were identified, accounting for 86.93% of the volatile components, of which the highest content was cinnamon aldehyde （61.65%）. The total amount of volatile components in honey cassia twig had been increased. The composition and content of the volatile components of the cassia twig were changed,It is more suitable to use honey cassia twig in clinical treatment of deficiency cold pain.

Study on the volatile constituent of Zhangliang ginger in Henan Province

LI Zhi-ning, LI Xiao, LI Zi-hong, WANG Xue-fang, FAN Yi, MA Yan-ni, WEI Yue

2019, 58(23):  189-192.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.047

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Water distillation, supercritical and subcritical methods were used to extract volatile oils from fresh ginger and dried ginger, and the yield and chemical composition of volatile oil from ginger extracted by several methods were analyzed and evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The procedure allowed the identification of 39 components among three methods, representing 94.5% to 99.9% of the total oil extracted. Among them, the contents of phellandene, terpene, zingiberene, and citral extracted by water distillation were higher, accounting for 60%~70%, while the contents of curcumene, zingiberene, farnesene, and sesquipene extracted from the supercritical and subcritical methods were higher, accounting for up to 80%~90%. The chemical components of volatile oil extracted from Zhangliang ginger by different methods were compared for the first time, and it was determined that there were many more components and main components extracted by water distillation, but the yield of volatile oil was lower, and the content was also significantly different from supercritical and subcritical extraction. The volatile oil of ginger extracted with subcritical method had high yield, simple process and stable quality. However, it remains to be further research whether the differential components can lead to differences in pharmacological effects.

Agricultural Engineering

The construction of intelligent community platform based on intelligent model

QIAN Ye, SUN Ji-hong, YANG Hui-qiong, PENG Lin, SHEN Ying-ming, LI Yu, WU Jin

2019, 58(23):  193-196.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.048

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Take the Chongzheng community in Jianshui county as an example. Decomposing the work of the community,the model of“one person, one card, one thing and one card” and the management module of farm bookstore are used as the prototype of the intelligent model. In this paper, an intelligent model based on clustering analysis algorithm is constructed, and other work modules are processed informative to build intelligent community platform. And according to the requirements of community construction, the new ideas and new developments of the construction of the intelligent platform are put forward, so that the community management of the traditional neighborhood committee’s image should be directed towards the direction of intelligent and data development.

Estimation of wheat chlorophyll under waterlogging stress based on digital image technology

LI Yan-li, LEI Ren-qing, SONG Xiao, LI Tao, WU Meng-qi, ZHANG Lu-ping, WANG Xie-tian

2019, 58(23):  197-200.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.049

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The paper analysis the changes of 16 image feature indices through field experiments, as well as the correlation with wheat chlorophyll, and then constructing estimated models of wheat waterlogging based on the attenuation of image feature indices. The results shows that R, normalized redness index （NRI）, green minus red （GMR）, excess red index （EXR）, color index of vegetation extraction （CIVE）, Woebbecke index（WI） were all significantly increased with the time increased of waterlogging, while normalized greenness index （NGI）, normalized green red difference index （NGRDI）, excess green index （EXG）, green-red ratio vegetation index （GRVI） were significantly decreased. And the above 10 image feature indices were significantly correlated with chlorophyll, with the maximum absolute values of 0.98. Moreover, the quadratic polynomial model could be efficiently applied for the modeling of chlorophyll reduction estimation, and the accuracy of the models based on NGRDI、CIVE、EXG、NGI and GRVI exponential deerement was high R² was above 0.99. These results indicated that digital image technology could be applied as an effective method for chlorophyll estimation to monitor wheat waterlogging, and NGRDI、CIVE、EXG、NGI and GRVI can be used as disaster damage image index to reflect the degree of wheat chlorophyll waterlogging.

Research on detection of sunflower seed's appearance quality based on computer vision

WU Jin-ling, ZHANG Hai-dong, LI Zhe, SHI Wei, TIAN Xiao-jun

2019, 58(23):  201-206.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.050

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The images of intact, mildewed and damaged sunflower seed samples were acquired and preprocessed to extract 3 color features’value of G, B and I, and extract 5 texture feature values which include gray uniformity, gradient uniformity, moment of inertia, consistency and entropy. Then BP neural network and decision tree algorithm were conducted to discriminate above three kinds of sunflower seed samples based on extracted color features and texture features. Results showed that all eight image features were adopted by BP neural network, and the BP model gave the recognition rate by 98.58% for intact, mildewed and damaged sunflower seed samples respectively; while only two features were inputted into decision tree model, G and B, and the model gave the recognition rate by 99.25%. Compared with BP neural network model, the decision tree model shows more concise structure and more efficient performance. Result told that intact, mildew and damaged sunflower seeds can be discriminated computer vision technology.

Design of automatic leveling system for mountain farm implement

SHI Bing, CHEN Deng-hui, KANG Zhi-liang

2019, 58(23):  207-210.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.051

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An automatic leveling system based on PID speed regulation is designed. The system uses 51 MCU as the main controller. Through the serial communication with the sensing detection module, we can obtain the posture in real time. And the four point leveling system of the step motor is composed of the actuator. The platform is leveled by the displacement of the stepper motor, and the crawler-type model vehicle is used as a carrying chassis. The platform is intended to be applied to the farm machinery working in the hilly area.

Biological Engineering

Cloning and bioinformatic analysis of SpNHX1 gene from Spinacia oleracea L.

ZHANG Hai-yang, FU Rao, LI Ru-xia, GU Yin-yu, LIANG Xiao-yan, SONG Yan-jing, LI Meng, WANG Xiang-yu, GUO Hong-en

2019, 58(23):  211-214.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.052

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NHX1 gene was cloned from cultivated spinach （Spinacia oleracea L.） and named SpNHX1. Bioinformatics software were used to analyze the obtained gene nucleotide sequences and protein sequences encoded. The results showed that SpNHX1 belonged to the Vac subfamily, with a sequence length of 6 090 bp, an open reading frame of 1 662 bp, and 553 amino acid residues encoded. The bioinformatics analysis of SpNHX1 was carried out by using relevant software or online tools. The results showed that the molecular formula of its coding protein was C_{2 818}H_{4 363}N₆₉₇O₇₇₂S₂₅, which was a stable hydrophobic protein. Evolutionary tree analysis shows that SpNHX1 is closely related to AtNHX1 and AtNHX2 proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, which belong to proteins located on vacuolar membranes. SpNHX1 protein is closely related to NHX proteins of dicotyledons.

Chromosomal karyotype analysis of Sechium edule Swartz

YANG Ting, WANG Ya, ZHANG Su-qin, CHEN Xing-zhuo, GENG Guang-dong, CHEN Li

2019, 58(23):  215-217.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.053

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To provide cytological basis for genetics and breeding for Sechium edule Swartz and its similar plants, chromosome preparations from root tip cell of Sechium edule Swartz were obtained by using dropping slide technique, and its karyotype was analyzed in order to understand chromosomal karyotype characteristics. The result showed that the genome of Sechium edule Swartz possessed 14 pairs of chromosomes, all of which were metacentric chromosomes（m）, and no any satellite was found in them. Its karyotype formula was 2n=2x=28=28m. The asymmetrical karyotype coefficient was 53.55%, which was symmetrical karyotype. Its karyotype belonged to the type 1A. Therefore, the evolution degree of Sechium edule Swartz was low among Cucurbitace.

Optimization of induction conditions for anther culture of indica rice

LI San-he, ZHA Wen-jun, XU Hua-shan, LIU Kai, ZHOU Lei, YOU Ai-qing

2019, 58(23):  218-222.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.054

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Anther culture was carried out with F₁ generation of Fudao 88//Huazhan/Yuyou 2640 as material. The orthogonal test method was used to set four levels of pretreatment temperature, pretreatment time, heat shock temperature and concentration of thiazolidine（TDZ）; a total of 16 treatment combinations were used to induce anthers under different conditions. The anther induction rate was compared under different conditions. The results show that the optimal combination of the four factors determined by visual analysis ispretreatment temperature 10 ℃, pretreatment time 8 d, heat shock temperature 37 ℃, TDZ concentration 0.10 mg/L. However, considering the interaction between the factors, the optimal combination was obtainedpretreatment temperature 10 ℃, pretreatment time 8 d, heat shock temperature 37 ℃, TDZ concentration 0.05 mg/L.

Research on tissue culture and plantlet regeneration of Iris germanica ‘FRANS HALS’

WU Hai-feng, LYV Yuan-da, ZHENG Hai-xia, ZHAO Ming-jing, WANG Jia-qing

2019, 58(23):  223-226.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.055

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Using the leaves and bulbs of Iris germanica 'FRANS HALS' as explants, orthogonal experiment was used to study the effects of different hormones and different concentration combinations on the induction of callus, adventitious bud differentiation and rooting of test-tube seedlings to provide an optimized method for rapid propagation, preservation and utilization of germplasm resources of the iris. The results showed that the sterilization time required for different explants was different. The leaves were 3% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and the bulbs were 3% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min. The most suitable explants for appendix tissue culture were bulbs. The optimum medium for callus induction and bud differentiation of Iris was MS+NAA 0.10 mg/L+6-BA 1.00 mg/L; rooting medium was MS+1\2MS+NAA 0.10 mg/L; the substrate was peat∶ perlite=8∶2, and the survival rate was over 90%.

Economy & Management

Study on the key problems, countermeasures of cluster development of selenium-rich industry in Hubei province

XING Mei-hua,YU Jin-ping

2019, 58(23):  227-230.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.056

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The selenium-enriched industry provides strong industrial support for poverty alleviation in poverty-stricken areas， the outstanding problems in the development of selenium-enriched industries in Hubei Province is analyzed， and ideas for promoting the development of selenium-enriched industries is proposed as， pay attention to the "three outstanding" and enrich the development of selenium-enriched industries； adhere to the "three equal emphasis" to cultivate the main body of selenium-enriched industries； strengthen the "three functions" and innovate the development path of selenium-enriched industries. Finally， some countermeasures and suggestions to promote the cluster development of selenium-enriched industries in Hubei province with the “Selenium Valley of China” as the starting point are proposed.

Analysis on the factors influencing the inputand benefit of vegetable production in suburbs

YANG Han-chi

2019, 58(23):  231-235.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.057

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The data enveloping analysis method（DEA） was used to evaluate and analyze the input and benefit of vegetable planting in Wuhan suburb from 2010 to 2018, and to explore the factors affecting the vegetable production input and benefit in suburbs. The results show that the average comprehensive efficiency of input and output of vegetable planting in the suburb of Wuhan was high and the overall effect was good, but DEA was ineffective in many years. Due to the unstable input and unscientific structure, the input-output efficiency of vegetables in Wuhan suburb was also unstable, which was not conducive to the innovation of vegetable planting. The production input and output remuneration of vegetables in the suburb of Wuhan city showed an overall increase. Relevant suggestions are put forward from the perspectives of vegetable farmers, government and agricultural enterprises.

Research on financial support methods of agricultural industrialization management projects

ZHANG Xiao-fang

2019, 58(23):  236-240.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.058

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The agricultural industrialization management project is the basic path of agricultural scale and specialization development, which can effectively link up the needs of large market demand, but requires a large amount of financial support. Through the theoretical framework analysis of financial capital linkage, the path utility mechanism of financial capital crowding is explored, and the transaction cost and principal-agent theory is introduced to compare and analysis the support effect differences of different crowding paths. Taking the panel data of 30 provinces and regions in China from 1995 to 2018 as the research sample, the DEA-Malmquist index and ARCH model are comprehensively used to empirically analyze the temporal and spatial regularity of financial and financial linkage. The results show that the efficiency of financial and financial linkages in the eastern, central and western regions is decreasing, and the evolutionary rules of fiscal and financial linkages have clustering and non-leveraging effects, and corresponding policy interventions should be given.

Measure and analysis on allocative efficiency of urban land expansion in Wuhan metropolitan area：Comparison before and after the “Resource-economical and Environment-friendly Society” experimental zone establishment

ZHOU Yan, XIA Juan, WANG Zhi-hong, MEI Huan, GONG Qi

2019, 58(23):  241-247.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.059

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Using the Jeffrey model, the panel data of the “Resource-economical and Environment-friendly Society” experimental area in Wuhan metropolitan area before and after setting（2000—2006 and 2007—2015） are used to measure the efficiency of urban land expansion allocation and analyze the influencing factors, to provide reference for improving the efficiency of urban land expansion. The results show that the allocation efficiency of urban land expansion in Wuhan metropolitan area is low and presents a differential distribution. The allocation efficiency of urban land expansion in Wuhan alone （0.167） is higher than the average level of Hubei province（0.151）. The efficiency is closely related to the industrial layout. After 2007, the efficiency of urban land expansion and allocation in each city has increased significantly. The study found that the government needs to use the differentiated urban land expansion policy and learn from the effective measures after the establishment of the “Resource-economical and Environment-friendly Society” pilot zone to consolidate and improve the efficiency of urban land expansion and allocation, coordinate the development of non-state-owned economy, vigorously protect cultivated land, and develop industry, introduce high-quality foreign capital, activate the land market, and increase government tax revenue.

Analysis and prospect on meteorological archives of Shashi customs in modern times

AI Jing-song, XIA Zhi-hong, LIU Li-cheng, HE Cheng-cheng, PU Yan-hong, ZHANG Lu-ping

2019, 58(23):  248-252.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.060

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Based on collecting and arranging the meteorological data of Shashi customs in Jingzhou archives, the classification and application of the meteorological data in modern times was analyzed. The results showed that the meteorological archives stored in the Jingzhou archives were well preserved. The stored meteorological data also involved the former customs offices in many other cities, such as Chongqing, Changsha, Wenzhou, Wuzhou, etc.. The rich records of the contents, which were relatively rare in originality, had high value at academic research and reutilization. Due to the limited collection of meteorological data, the monthly maximum and minimum temperature in 1934 were compared with the mean monthly extreme high temperature and low temperature since 1954 when Jingzhou Meteorological Station was established. It showed that the monthly extreme high temperature presented increasing trend since 1954, while the monthly extreme low temperature presented decreasing trend, and the monthly temperature difference increased. It supported the theory of climate warming trend in Jingzhou by modern meteorological records. It need more search of breadth and depth on meteorological observation data in Jingzhou to explore the climate change in Jingzhou during the past 100 years.

Study on compensation standard for land acquisition based on comprehensive value of cultivated land：Taking Dazehu street in Wangcheng district of Changsha city as an example

LIANG Xiang-jing

2019, 58(23):  253-257.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.061

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From the perspective of comprehensive value of cultivated land, the comprehensive functional value of cultivated land is decomposed into economic function value, social security function value and ecological function value. The existing annual output value multiple method is used to calculate the economic function value; the social security function value of cultivated land is further divided into basic living security function, old-age security function, medical security function and employment security function, and its calculated by the decomposition and summation method. The willingness to pay method is adopted for the calculation of the ecological function value of cultivated land. The results show that the total value of cultivated land in Wangcheng district is 194.23 yuan/m², of which the social security function value is 157.5 yuan/m², which is higher than the current compensation standard for land acquisition.

Analysis on the effect and the problems of the farmers' professional cooperative in Huangshi city

LEI Shu-yan, LIU Hai-bo, LIU Ding-zhu, WU Ya-ling

2019, 58(23):  258-260.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.062

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Based on the investigation of farmers' cooperatives in Huangshi city, Hubei province, the main characteristics and achievements of farmers' cooperatives in Huangshi city are summarized. The establishment of cooperatives has promoted the adjustment and optimization of agricultural production structure, improved the degree of farmers' organization, promoted the introduction and promotion of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, balanced circulation of agricultural products, and increased farmers' income.The existing problems of farmers' cooperatives in Huangshi city are analyzed,and the policy suggestions are puts forward.

Evaluation of tourist satisfaction based on AHP：Fulai mountain scenic spot in Rizhao city,Shandong province

LI Zhuo-yang, TONG Gui-jie, HOU Lin-chun

2019, 58(23):  261-269.  doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2019.23.063

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The improved AHP method is used to quantitatively evaluate the tourist satisfaction of Fulai mountain scenic spot in Rizhao city, Shandong province. The evaluation results show that the tourists are satisfied with the scenic spot as a whole, among which they are satisfied with the crowding degree, natural scenery, parking lot setting and cleaning condition, but they are not satisfied with the entertainment facilities, tourist commodities and safety of the scenic spot. It is suggested to highlight the features of natural landscape in the further planning of the scenic spot, introduce local folk culture, design interesting entertainment projects, develop characteristic tourist commodities and strengthen the safety of the scenic spot.