To provide scientific guidance for winter wheat irrigation, the inter-annual variations of water requirement, water deficit and water profit and loss index of winter wheat in Shanxi Province were comprehensively analyzed, and the correlation between water requirement of winter wheat and various meteorological factors in Shanxi Province was analyzed by the improved grey correlation analysis method. The results showed that from 1973 to 2020, the water requirement for winter wheat in Shanxi Province was 460.25~600.76 mm, the water deficit was 247.59~493.41 mm, and the water profit and loss index was 0.53~0.89. The maximum air temperature, water surface evaporation and sunshine duration ranked the top three in the correlation with winter wheat water demand in the central region, with correlation degrees of 0.907, 0.874 and 0.861, respectively. The maximum air temperature, sunshine duration and wind speed ranked the top three in the correlation with winter wheat water demand in the southern region, with correlation degrees of 0.889, 0.873 and 0.864, respectively. The water surface evaporation, precipitation and sunshine duration ranked the top three in the correlation with winter wheat water demand across the entire region, with correlation degrees of 0.892, 0.887 and 0.851, respectively. These three factors had the most significant impact on the water demand of winter wheat.

Using high-throughput sequencing technology, the changes of fungal and bacterial communities at the phylum and genus level in the rhizosphere soil under different cultivation methods of cigar tobacco were studied, the effects of cultivation methods on the structural diversity of fungal and bacterial communities were discussed, and functional gene pre-analysis was carried out. The results showed that the richness and diversity of fungal community in rhizosphere soil were significantly decreased under different cultivation patterns compared with the conventional cultivation （CK）, and the difference of the former was statistically significant（P<0.05）. Cultivation measures did not change the main composition of fungi and bacteria at phylum level, but could significantly recruit beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil. The dominant fungal phyla in the rhizosphere soil were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and the dominant fungal genera were Fusarium, Alternaria and Penicillium. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota （except CK）, but the dominant bacterial genera varied under different treatments. The effect of Trichoderma asperellum or bio-carbon organic fertilizer on rhizosphere fungi and bacteria communities was more obvious.

To explore and optimize the technology and process of photolytic removal of endogenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） in biochar, this study focused on corn stover biochar. Biochar with different particle sizes （>1.0 mm, 0.5~1.0 mm, 0.001~0.5 mm） was prepared, and TiO₂-photocatalytic degradation experiments were conducted to systematically analyze the characteristics of the biochar and the efficacy of degrading and removing endogenous PAHs with different particle sizes. The results showed that the endogenous PAHs content in corn stover biochar was 76.1 mg/kg, predominantly comprising 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs, significantly exceeding the limit value for basic biochar PAHs （20 mg/kg） set by the International Biochar Initiative （IBI）. TiO₂-photocatalysis could significantly reduce the content of endogenous PAHs in biochar. After photocatalytic degradation, the endogenous PAHs content in the three particle sizes of biochar ranged from 3.3 to 14.9 mg/kg, with degradation rates for total PAHs ranging from 55.2% to 95.6%. The maximum degradation rate for high-ring PAHs reached 97.1%, while low-ring PAHs reached 62.0%. The 0.001~0.5 mm particle size biochar exhibited the highest degradation rate of 95.6% after 40 minutes of light exposure, and the toxicity equivalent value decreased from 9.096 mg/kg to 0.088 mg/kg, significantly below the thresholds set by the European Biochar Certification（4 mg/kg） and the International Biochar Initiative（6 mg/kg）. The study demonstrated that TiO₂-photocatalysis effectively degraded endogenous PAHs in biochar of different particle sizes, ensuring the safety of biochar and its products for application in agricultural fields.

To develop a safe, environmentally friendly and commercially applicable surfactant compound system, this experiment combined tea saponin and rhamnolipid. The surface activity of the compound system of tea saponin and rhamnolipid was analyzed, and the synergistic effect and stability of the compound system of tea saponin and rhamnolipid was studied. The results showed that the foam height, detergency, wetting power and emulsifying power of the compound system of tea saponin and rhamnolipid were increased by 14.97%, 13.95%, 69.42% and 14.36% respectively compared with tea saponin, indicating that the compound system of tea saponin and rhamnolipid had a significant synergistic effect. In addition, the compound system had higher resistance to heat and salt compared with tea saponin.

Bachu County was taken as the case area. Based on relevant criteria such as cultivated land reserve resource evaluation, quality evaluation of newly added cultivated land and high standard farmland, an index system of unstable cultivated land evaluation was constructed by following the principles of comprehensiveness, hierarchy, representativeness and accessibility. The types of unstable cultivated land were divided by spatial overlay analysis of ArcGIS10.8 software. The results showed that the unstable cultivated land in Bachu County was mainly affected by 13 factors in three aspects of ecological security, production suitability and socio-economic feasibility. The unstable cultivated land in Bachu County was 34 827.64 hm², accounting for 24.15% of the cultivated land area, which was concentrated in the southwest and central part of Bachu County. Unstable cultivated land in Bachu County was divided into production unstable type, ecological unstable type, social and economic unstable type and mixed unstable type, accounting for 1.50%, 81.70%, 14.82% and 1.98% of the total area of unstable cultivated land, respectively. Bachu County had a large area of unstable cultivated land, which was mainly affected by salinization and desertification. The stability of cultivated land could be enhanced by improving irrigation and drainage system and farmland infrastructure, and strengthening the construction of shelter forest and high standard farmland.

Taking Kashgar Region as the research area, the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of urbanization and land use efficiency in 2010,2015 and 2019 were studied by the entropy method. The results showed that there were obvious spatial differences in the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and land use efficiency in Kashgar Region, but there was an overall growth trend. In 2015, the coupling coordination type of urbanization and land use efficiency in three counties in Kashgar Region fell back, which reflected the transition of urbanization development to a certain extent. In 2019, there were 8 counties on the verge of imbalance between urbanization and land use efficiency. It could be seen that there was still much room for improvement in the overall level of urbanization development and land use efficiency in Kashgar Region.

Taking Tacheng City of Xinjiang as an example, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of land ecological fragile areas were studied based on the landscape ecological vulnerability assessment method and geographically weighted regression model. The results showed that, from 2010 to 2020, the proportion of low vulnerability areas and relatively low vulnerability areas in Tacheng City decreased by 4.21 percentage points, the proportion of moderate vulnerability area and high vulnerability area increased by 4.45 percentage points, and the area of relatively high vulnerability areas increased first and then decreased, with an overall decrease of 0.24 percentage points. The spatial variation of land ecological vulnerability in Tacheng City from 2010 to 2020 included five trends, namely, the low vulnerability areas were mainly transformed into relatively low vulnerability areas, the relatively low vulnerability areas were transformed into moderate vulnerability areas, the moderate vulnerable areas were transformed into relatively high vulnerable areas, the relatively high vulnerable areas were transformed into the high vulnerable areas, and the relatively high vulnerable areas were transformed into moderate vulnerable areas. The six indexes of the distance from the main road, the distance from the urban built-up area, the population density, the distance from the water area, the vegetation coverage and the elevation were significantly correlated with the land ecological vulnerability. The distance from the main road was positively correlated with land ecological vulnerability. The distance from the water area, the vegetation coverage and the population density were negatively correlated with vulnerability. The distance from the urban built-up area and elevation were positively or negatively correlated with land ecological vulnerability.

Based on the panel data from 2012 to 2021, the comprehensive evaluation index system of population-land-economy urbanization system was constructed. The entropy method, coupling coordination model and GM（1,1） grey model were selected to calculate and analyze the comprehensive development level and coupling coordination development of population-land-economy urbanization, and predict the coupling coordination of population-land-economy urbanization from 2022 to 2024. The results showed that the development level of population-land-economy urbanization and its subsystems showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2012 to 2021, among which the development speed of land urbanization subsystem was the fastest. The coupling level of population-land-economy urbanization system was high, and the coupling degree was 0.816~0.964 in the research period. The coupling coordinated development level of population-land-economy urbanization was also developed from the primary coordination in 2012 to the good coordination in 2021. From 2022 to 2024, the coupling coordination degree of population-land-economy urbanization system would continue to rise, and it would be expected to achieve high-quality coordination in 2023. Although the coupling coordination of population-land-economy urbanization in Changji Prefecture was well, when it would come to higher-quality development, the existing problems such as inefficient land use, insufficient development power, industrial imbalance, and insufficient attention to human urbanization still existed. It was suggested to promote the reform of land and household registration system, improve the investment and financing system for new urbanization construction, upgrade the industrial structure, build a complementary system of urbanization functions, and strengthen the coordinated development of the system.

In order to identify the optimal fertilization amount for garlic （Allium sativum L.） that does not affect garlic yield, has a small impact on tobacco quality, and is environmentally friendly, a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different fertilization rates on the economic traits of garlic and soil nutrients in flue-cured tobacco-garlic rotation, with a reduction of 20%, 40% and 60% on the basis of garlic farmers’ habitual fertilization rates. The results showed that the economic traits of garlic bolt were the best when the fertilizer application rate was reduced by 60%, the economic traits of bulb were the best when the fertilizer application rate was reduced by 40%, and the total output value of garlic was the best when the fertilizer application rate was reduced by 40%. Considering the risk of non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus, the loss amount and loss rate of nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly reduced under the treatment of 60% reduction of fertilizer application （P<0.05）, but the yield and total output value of garlic bulbs were not significantly reduced under this treatment （P<0.05）, which was the optimal garlic fertilization treatment. Because the contradiction in nitrogen fertilizer management under garlic and flue-cured tobacco rotation could not be resolved, garlic was not suitable as a pre-crop for flue-cured tobacco.

Taking the Pearl River Delta Region as the research area, based on the growth and development observation data of double-cropping rice at different sowing dates, as well as local meteorological and soil data from 2018 to 2020, the ORYZA（V3） model was calibrated using data from 2018 to 2019 to adjust and determine the basic parameters of the crop. The ORYZA（V3） model was validated using the growth duration, leaf area index and biomass of double-cropping rice in 2020. The results showed that the ORYZA（V3） model accurately simulated the growth duration of double-cropping rice in the Pearl River Delta, with deviations ranging from 0 to 3 days compared to observed values. The simulated dynamic changes in leaf area index （LAI） for both early and late-season rice in 2020 closely matched the observed values. The average linear regression coefficients （α values） of the simulated LAI were close to 1, accompanied by R² values of 0.670 4 and 0.766 0, respectively. The results of t-test indicated no significant difference between the simulated and observed LAI values （P>0.05）. The ORYZA（V3） model had a large error in simulating the biomass of various organs on the ground of rice, but it was still within an acceptable range from a statistical point of view, and the simulation performance was more accurate for late-season rice than early-season rice. The ORYZA（V3） model could accurately simulate rice growth by calibrating the crop parameters, and could be applied to rice production in the Pearl River Delta region.

In order to investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield and economic benefits of morel[Morchella esculenta （L.） Pers.], no fertilization was set as the control group, and humic acid bio organic fertilizer （10 000 kg/hm²）, organic enzyme fertilizer （10 000 kg/hm²）, peat （5 000 kg/hm²）, and plant ash （5 000 kg/hm²） were used as the experimental groups. The yield and morphological characteristics of morel fruiting bodies were measured, and their economic benefits and yield input ratio were calculated. The results showed that the yield （dry weight） of morel fruiting bodies in different fertilization treatments from high to low was peat （1 335.38 kg/hm²）, plant ash （1 170.54 kg/hm²）, control （1 096.03 kg/hm²）, organic enzyme fertilizer （881.62 kg/hm²）, and humic acid bio organic fertilizer （855.49 kg/hm²）. The yield of morel was significantly increased in the treatment of peat and plant ash, and the overall performance of morel in peat treatment was better than that in plant ash treatment. However, the yield of morel decreased instead of increasing in organic enzyme fertilizer and humic acid bio organic fertilizer treatment. Compared with the control treatment, the yield （dry weight） of morel treated with peat increased by 21.84%, the total output value increased by 21.84%, the economic benefits increased by 24.29%, and the production to investment ratio increased by 5.85%. Applying peat was beneficial for increasing the yield and economic benefits of morel.

The optimization model of land use structure in Gongyi City aiming at low carbon emission was established. The effects of land use structure optimization and land use efficiency change on carbon storage in Gongyi City were studied by the scenario simulation method. The results showed that,① from 2011 to 2018, the area of all land use types in Gongyi City showed significant changes, which resulted in significant changes in carbon storage. In 8 years, the carbon storage of cultivated land decreased from 4 122 700 tons to 4 054 100 tons, and that of forest land and grassland also decreased by 46 700 tons and 26 400 tons, respectively. The outflow of cultivated land to construction land resulted in a significant decrease in soil and vegetation carbon stocks, with a range of 77 700 tons and 24 600 tons. It showed that the conversion of cultivated land to construction land not only reduced the carbon storage of vegetation, but also had a greater impact on soil carbon storage. ② After the optimization of land use structure, the total carbon storage of each land use type increased by 641 600 tons compared with the base period. This was an increase of 789 700 tons compared to the natural development in 2030. It showed that the optimization of land use structure could improve the regional total carbon storage when the total land area was fixed. ③ The simulation results of land use efficiency improvement scenario showed that after land use efficiency improvement of cultivated land and forest land, carbon storage of cultivated land increased by 234 000 tons, forest land increased by 1 424 300 tons, and overall carbon storage increased by 1 658 300 tons. Compared with 2030 under the state of natural development, the carbon storage of cultivated land increased by 214 100 tons, the forest land increased by 2 257 200 tons, and the overall carbon storage increased by 2 448 000 tons. It showed that on the basis of the optimization of land use structure, the improvement of land use efficiency could further increase the carbon storage of land use type. It could be seen that the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of land use efficiency could play a positive role in promoting the change of regional carbon stocks.

Taking Hainan Province as the research object, the coupling relationship among regional society, agricultural economy, and ecological environment was analyzed, and constructed an evaluation system for the coupling and coordination of the three systems was constructed. The results indicated that the overall comprehensive development level of the three systems in Hainan Province showed a stable trend from 2013 to 2022, with only the comprehensive development level of the ecological environment subsystem showing a downward trend. From 2013 to 2022, the coupling degree of 18 cities and counties in Hainan Province showed an upward trend;in 2022, the coupling degree between Haikou City and Sanya City exceeded 0.40. Except for Baoting County, Changjiang County, Qionghai City, Lingao County, and Ledong County, whose coupling coordination degree had shown a downward trend in some years, the coupling coordination degree of other cities and counties in Hainan Province had shown an increasing trend year by year. In 2022, Haikou City, Wenchang City, and Sanya City would enter the intermediate coordination stage, while Baisha County, Danzhou City, Changjiang County, Dongfang City, Ledong County, Ding'an County, Qionghai City, Wanning City, and Baoting County belong to the barely coordinated stage. Linggao County, Tunchang County, Chengmai County, Qiongzhong County, Lingshui County, and Wuzhishan City belonged to the primary coordination stage. Although the development of 18 cities and counties in Hainan Province was uneven, overall it was moving towards a healthy direction.

The antibacterial activity and mechanism of the volatile oil of Sarcandra glabra （Thunb.） Nakai against Didymella glomerata of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. were investigated. The inhibitory effects of Sarcandra glabra oil on the growth of Didymella glomerata were studied by measuring the colony diameter and mycelium weight. The electrical conductivity, soluble protein, reducing sugar and malondialdehyde （MDA） were determined to investigate the action mechanism of Sarcandra glabra oil. The results showed that the volatile oil of Sarcandra glabra had significant antibacterial activity against the Didymella glomerata of Sophora tonkinensis, and the EC₅₀ was 271.00 mg/L. The inhibitory effect on mycelial growth was the best when the concentration of volatile oil was 2 000 mg/L and the treatment time was 72 h. The inhibitory rate of colony expansion and mycelial growth were 100% and 95.00%, respectively. The electrical conductivity, soluble protein content and MDA content of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The electrical conductivity and soluble protein content of the treatment were 1.54 times and 4.74 times of those the control, respectively when the mass concentration of volatile oil was 2 000 mg/L for 72 h. MDA reached its maximum value at 96 h, which was 3.11 times that of the control. The reducing sugar content in the treatment did not change much, and the reducing sugar content in the control group decreased with the extension of time, and was 53.36% lower than that in the treatment group at 72 h.

In order to effectively control the rot on the stem of Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis （Franch.） Hara in Yichang City, Hubei Province, the pathogen of the disease was isolated and identified. Using conventional tissue isolation methods, a white filamentous fungal strain causing stem rot on Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis （Franch.） Hara was isolated and named CLY-2. Through microscopic observation, the large conidia of CLY-2 strain were columnar with septa, and the size was （22.0~33.0） μm × （3.1~4.4） μm. The small conidia were kidney shaped or oval-shaped, single-celled, solitary or tandem, with a size of （2.5~8.2） μm × （1.2~3.5） μm. Based on the rDNA-ITS sequence phylogenetic analysis, CLY-2 strain was ultimately identified as Fusarium foetens, a fungus belonging to the genus Fusarium.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on growth and plant type regulation of potted Prunus mume seedlings, and hence to cultivate more potted Prunus mume products with higher ornamental value. Six cultivars of potted Prunus mume seedlings were selected as the research objects, and three different concentrations of uniconazole were used for foliar spraying treatment, with water treatment as the control. The results were as follows, foliar spraying of 100~300 mg/L uniconazole decreased the growth of plant height and crown width of different cultivars of potted Prunus mume seedlings significantly, and the increase in the concentration of uniconazole could evidently enhance the inhibitory effect. Additionally, at the concentration of 300 mg/L of uniconazole, the growth of plant height and crown width of potted Prunus mume seedlings in six cultivars could be declined by 27.50%~80.05% and 39.45%~83.93%, respectively. Three different concentrations of uniconazole could improve the lateral bud germination in diverse potted Prunus mume seedlings, but inhibit the growth of basal diameter, branch stem thickness, branch length and internode length. Furthermore, the rise in the concentration of uniconazole could shorten the branch length and internode length. In summary, the study results suggest that from the perspective of the overall effect on regulating the plant type of potted Prunus mume seedlings, foliar spraying of 300 mg/L uniconazole was the optimal choice, which could make potted Prunus mume compact and full-crowned, with the best ornamental effect.

To investigate the effects of different tree species composition configuration and nursery management on the species diversity of plant communities at various levels in the understory of Pinus Massoniana forests, four typical stand types, namely, nurtured P. massoniana + Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest （Ⅰ）, nurtured P. massoniana + Camellia oleifera mixed forest （Ⅱ）, unmanaged P. massoniana pure forest （Ⅲ） and unmanaged P. massoniana + C.lanceolata mixed forest （Ⅳ） were selected at Qinglinkou of Zigui County, to comparatively analyse the diversity of species in the shrub layer, herb layer and regeneration layer of P. massoniana forests of different types, as well as the relationship with stand factors. The results showed that, the number of species in the understorey of different types of P. massoniana forests was highest in the shrub layer, and the number of species in each layer of the understorey of the nurtured P. massoniana + Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest was the highest. The Margalef’s richness index （DM）, Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index （H）, Simpson’s dominance index （D） and Pielou’s evenness index （E） in the shrub layer of the nurtured P. massoniana + C. oleifera mixed forest were significantly lower than those of other stand types （P < 0.05）; the DM, H and D indices of the herbaceous layer of different types of P. massoniana forests were in the same order of change, with Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ. The DM and D indices of the nurtured P. massoniana + C. lanceolata mixed forest were significantly higher than those of other communities （P < 0.05）; and there was a significant difference in the E index of the regeneration layer among different types （P < 0.05）. Stand density was significantly negatively correlated with DM, H, D and E indices of the shrub layer （P<0.01）; average height below branches was significantly negatively correlated with DM, H, D and E indices of the regeneration layer（P<0.05）. Species composition, maintenance management, stand density and mean understory height all had significant effects on the species diversity of the understory community of Pinus massoniana. It is suggested that in the process of management of P. massoniana forest stands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, it was necessary to continuously optimise the structure of the forest stands, configure suitable mixed species, strengthen the nurturing management, and reasonably regulate the density of the forest stands, which was conducive to promoting the development of the positive succession of Pinus massoniana plantation forest stands.

Endophytic fungi strains with antifungal activity against pathogenic bacterial were isolated from the traditional medicinal plant Pholidota chinensis, and the antifungal activity of the strains was studied. Endophytic fungi of Pholidota chinensis were isolated by tissue block method and fungal inhibition test was carried out by paper method, and the strains with antibacterial activity were screened out. According to their morphological characteristics, the active strains with antibacterial activity were screened for DNA extraction and identification. The results showed that 49 endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots, rhizomes, leaves and pseudobulb of Pholidota chinensis, including 37 endophytic fungi from Hechi City, Guangxi and 12 endophytic fungi from Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province. Endophytic fungi HCY-5, HCY-9, HCY-10 isolated from the leaf tissues of Pholidota chinensis in Hechi City, Guangxi Province, and endophytic fungi FJY-2, FJY-5, FJY-6, FJY-7 isolated from Pholidota chinensis in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Combined with morphological characteristics, the gene sequences of endophytic fungi strains were introduced into GenBank, and after comparison, the endophytic fungi HCY-5, HCY-9, HCY-10 in Hechi City, Guangxi and FJY-2, FJY-5, FJY-6, FJY-7 in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province were identified as Pholiosticta, which was supposed to be Pholiosticta capitalensis. Endophytic fungi HCY-5, HCY-9, HCY-10 from Hechi City, Guangxi and endophytic fungi FJY-2, FJY-5, FJY-6 and FJY-7 from Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province had good antibacterial activity.

The endophytic fungi of Hedyotis diffusa were isolated by the tissue block isolation method, and the strains with antagonistic activity against the citrus anthracnose pathogen were screened by the plate stand-off method. Finally, the screened antagonistic strains were identified and their molecular biological characteristics were studied. The results showed that the roots had the highest number of endophytic fungi isolated from Hedyotis diffusa, followed by the leaves and the stems had the least. Five of the 19 strains of endophytic fungi isolated from Hedyotis diffusa had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on pathogenic fungi. The BG10 strain was the most effective in antagonising the pathogen. Using molecular biotechnology （ITS）,BG10 was identified as Curvularia, presumably Curvularia lunata. Its optimal medium was Gao’s medium, the best carbon source was glucose and the best nitrogen source was beef paste.

To safeguard the quality consistency and traceability of Panax notoginseng, while streamlining fertilization practices and enhancing cultivation efficiency, a field plot fertilizer substitution trial was executed. Employing traditional fertilization as the control（CK）, three distinct experimental treatments were crafted utilizing ammonium polyphosphate water-soluble fertilizer （SRF）： Alternative fertilization （T1）, reduced fertilization （T2）, and formula fertilization （T3）. The results showed that under SRF treatment, there were no significant differences in agronomic traits, nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） nutrients, soil organic matter （SOM）, cation exchange capacity （CEC） and other soil physical and chemical properties of Panax Notoginseng compared with CK. Compared with CK, T3 did not change the species diversity and richness of soil bacteria, and did not affect the species richness of soil fungi, but T3 increased the species diversity of soil fungi. Compared with conventional fertilization, ammonium polyphosphate water-soluble fertilizer could not only achieve cost saving and efficiency improvement for the cultivation of Panax notoginseng, but also reduce the harm of fertilization to the soil environment by improving the structure of soil flora, soit could be widely applied.

Effects of molasses addition （0%, 5% and 10%） and pretreatment （high temperature cooking, aerobic pretreatment and high temperature cooking combined with aerobic pretreatment） on forage quality of rape straw micro-storage were analyzed. The results showed that within the high-temperature cooking pretreatment, the CP and WSC content of ensiled rape straw feed increased from 3.55% to 7.07% and 0.56% to 1.23% respectively, with the increase of molasses addition. DM content decreased from 33.02%, and pH declined from 4.44 to 4.08. While ADF and NDF content decreased by 14.16% and 12.16% respectively, with the increase of molasses addition. Within the aerobic pretreatment, the CP and DM contents of ensiled rape straw feed increased slightly with the increase of molasses addition, while pH declinced from 5.38 to 4.02, and WSC, ADF and NDF content decreased by 0.46%, 7.66% and 7.43%, respectively. Within the combination of high temperature cooking and aerobic pretreatment, the CP and WSC contents of ensiled rape straw feed increased from 6.66% to 11.06% and 0.49% to 0.97% respectively, with the increasing of molasses addition. While non-significant change was detected for DM, ADF and NDF contents. Therefore, the addition of molasses could effectively improve the fermentation quality of rape straw micro-storage, no matter what kinds of pretreatment adopted. In addition, the optimal amount of molasses addition was 10% based on the fresh amount of rape straw.

In order to explore the protective effect of different doses of Gynostemmapentaphyllum polysaccharides （GPP） on oxidative damage of ovary in mice caused by heat stress, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, immunohistochemical techniques and other research methods were used to observe and analyze the body weight and ovarian index, the number of follicles at all levels, the maximum diameter and the thickness of ovarian cortex, various reproductive hormones in ovary, the level of estrogen receptor β expression, antioxidant capacity in blood serum and the apoptosis rate of ovarian granulosa cells. The results showed that compared with group HS, the weight of mice in different doses of GPP was significantly higher （P<0.05）;the number of primordial follicles in group GPP-H was significantly higher （P<0.05）; the number of atretic follicles in groups GPP-L and GPP-H was significantly lower （P<0.05）;the thickness of ovarian cortex, the maximum diameters of primordial follicle, primary follicle and corpus luteum in different doses of GPP were significantly larger （P<0.05）; the secretion of GnRH, E₂ and P₄ in different doses of GPP was significantly higher, the secretion of FSH in group GPP-H was significantly higher （P<0.05）; GSH-Px activity indifferent doses of GPP was significantly higher （P<0.05）, T-SOD activity in group GPP-M was significantly higher （P<0.05）, the content of MDA in different doses of GPP was significantly lower （P<0.05）. In conclusion, GPP could improve the endocrine function of pituitary and ovary, restore and protect the ovarian reserve capacity, enhance the activity of enzyme antioxidant system, and alleviate the oxidative damage of ovary caused by heat stress by exerting the steroid-like effect of ER agonist, in which GPP-H worked most efficiently.

The anti-aging effect of the durian shell was studied by using the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster and gut probiotics experiments, and the optimal production process of convenient durian shell chicken soup was studied through single factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that durian shell extract could prolong the life of Drosophila melanogaster and promote the growth and proliferation of intestinal probiotics, indicating that it had anti-aging effects;the best production process of durian shell chicken soup was chicken 100 g, durian shell 14.3 g, ratio of material to water 1∶5, salt addition 0.9%, and cooking time 105 min;the best addition amount of green onion, ginger and cooking wine for the deodorization of the chicken meat was 6%, 12% and 5%, respectively;the best sterilization condition was 100 ℃ for 30 min. The durian shell chicken soup prepared under this condition was light yellow, the chicken meat was moderate in hardness, the taste was mellow, and the aroma was rich.

The total oligosaccharides from Cistanche deserticola were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted method, and the extraction condition was optimized by single factor and orthogonal test. The structural characteristics of total oligosaccharides of Cistanche deserticola were preliminarily analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The in vitro hypoglycemic ability and antioxidant activity of total oligosaccharides from Cistanche deserticola were studied by measuring the inhibition ability of α-glucosidase, and the scavenging rate of DPPH, ·OH and ABTS free radicals. The results showed that the optimum extraction condition of total oligosaccharides from Cistanche deserticola was the solid-liquid ratio of 1∶50, ethanol concentration of 40% and ultrasonic time of 32 min. Under this condition, the yield of total oligosaccharides was 17.32%. The infrared spectroscopy showed that there was obvious characteristic absorption of total oligosaccharides, and it was β-pyranose. The results of biological activity showed that the inhibition rate of α-glucosidase was 63.94%, and the scavenging rates of DPPH, ·OH and ABTS free radicals were 85.63%, 60.91% and 82.90%, respectively. This method was helpful to improve the yield of total oligosaccharides from Cistanche deserticola, and these total oligosaccharides had strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic ability in vitro, which could provide reference for related research.

Taking low fluorine Qingzhuan tea as raw material, the influence of different instant powder of Qingzhuan tea, egg liquid, butter and white granulated sugar on the quality of Qingzhuan tea biscuits was studied. The results showed that the best formula of Qingzhuan tea biscuits was flour of 100 g, egg liquid of 50 g, butter of 20 g, white sugar of 25~30 g, and Qingzhuan tea instant powder of 4~6 g. The Qingzhuan tea biscuits processed in this ratio had crisp taste, brown color, strong tea fragrance, and good health care function.

A method for determining soil organic matter content using electric heating constant temperature digestion potentiometric titration was established. The soil sample was weighed and placed in a digestion tube. 10 mL of 0.4 mol/L K₂Cr₂O₇-H₂SO₄ solution was added, and the sample was digested using an electric digestion apparatus at 180 ℃ for 10 minutes. After the digestion solution cooled down, the remaining potassium dichromate was titrated using a fully automatic potentiometric titrator with 0.2 mol/L K₂Cr₂O₇-H₂SO₄ solution. The soil organic matter content was calculated based on the consumption of ferrous sulfate. The results showed that the relative standard deviation （RSD） of organic matter content in five field soil tillage samples ranged from 0.80% to 1.36%;the relative error of organic matter content in 5 soil standard samples[NST-4,GBW07414a（AsA-3a）,GBW07415a（AsA-4a）,GBW07460（AsA-9） and GBW07461（AsA-10）] ranged from 0.97% to 2.39%. The electric heating constant temperature digestion potentiometric titration method had good sensitivity and precision, which could achieve automatic titration control and data processing functions, improve detection efficiency, and was suitable for batch detection of organic matter in soil samples.

Based on the specific recognition of glycosylation functionalized magnetic nanoparticle materials by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the secretion of gelatinase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the release of FITC was induced from load GNP@FITC functionalized nanofiber membrane. The fluorescence intensity of functionalized nanofiber membrane was measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer to establish a rapid detection method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water. This method used glycosylation functionalized magnetic nanoparticle materials to enrich Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The amount of glycosylation functionalized magnetic nanoparticle materials added to 250 mL of drinking water was 5.00 mg, and the optimal co culture time between glycosylation functionalized magnetic nanoparticle materials and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 6 hours. The optimal co-culture time between load GNP@FITC functionalized nanofiber membrane and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 30 minutes, with a test time of less than 8 hours. The detection limit of the method was 0.004 CFU/mL, indicating strong specificity. Compared with the testing method in GB 8538—2022 ‘National Food Safety Standard for Drinking Natural Mineral Water Inspection Method’, this method shortened the testing time and the detection limit could meet regulatory needs, making it a useful supplement to traditional testing methods.

A convolutional neural network-based long short-term memory network （CNN-LSTM） filling model was proposed to address the problem of soil temperature and humidity sensor data loss caused by harsh environments, battery depletion, hardware failures, and other factors. Using the soil temperature and humidity data from the Shandian River Basin in 2019 as experimental data, five models including CNN, LSTM, TCN, CNN-TCN, and CNN-LSTM were selected to fill in the missing data of the soil temperature and humidity sensor network. The Adam algorithm was used to optimize the model, and the coefficient of determination （R²）, mean square root error （RMSE）, and mean absolute error （MAE） index were used to evaluate the results of the model filling. The results showed that using the linear interpolation algorithm to obtain complete data, the R² of the CNN-LSTM model was 0.999 9, which was higher than that of other models. The MAE and RMSE were 0.001 85 and 0.019 70, respectively, which were much lower than those of other models. The K-nearest neighbor interpolation algorithm was used to obtain complete data. The MAE and RMSE of the CNN-LSTM model were 0.000 12 and 0.000 12, respectively, which were much lower than those of other models. The R² was 0.999 4, which was higher than that of the CNN model, and TCN model;the CNN-LSTM model had the best filling effect on missing values in soil temperature and humidity sensor data. The CNN-LSTM model had good feasibility and accuracy in dealing with the problem of missing data from large-scale soil temperature and humidity sensors.

In response to the problems of lagging map updates, low utilization of geographic information resources, scattered and disorderly agricultural data, and lack of effective crop traceability methods in farm management, a WebGIS-based farmland informatization and crop traceability system was constructed based on Django framework, OpenLayers map library, PostgreSQL database, PostGIS extension tool, and GeoServer platform. The system was based on data collection and farm map construction, and its main functions included map operation, land parcel information query, dynamic display of land parcel information, path planning, crop traceability, and one map of farm information resources. The system had the characteristics of convenient operation, easy maintenance, and easy scalability, and fully considered the unique attributes and regional differences of various farms in its design, with wide applicability. This system could achieve precise control of farm maps, efficient management and visualization of farm data, and obtain complete crop traceability records. Combined with WebGIS technology, the system provided a scientific and efficient operation management system for farm managers, effectively promoting the informationization and modernization of farms.

In order to improve the accuracy of identifying small target pests and diseases of trees, a small target pest and disease recognition method based on the improved NanoDet-Plus network was proposed. To enhance the ability to extract small target features, the backbone network of the NanoDet Plus network was improved through attention mechanism, and the improved NanoDet-Plus network was used to identify pine wood nematode disease in pine epidemic areas. The results showed that at an IOU of 0.55, the average accuracy of the improved NanoDet-Plus network recognition reached 94.51%;when the IOU was 0.80, the average accuracy of the improved NanoDet-Plus network recognition was 66.57%;when the IOU was between 0.55 and 0.95, the average accuracy of the improved NanoDet-Plus network recognition was 60.05%. The average accuracy of the improved NanoDet-Plus network recognition was significantly higher than that of traditional Faster R-CNN network, YOLO v6s network, NanoDet network, and NanoDet Plus network, and it performed the best in positioning accuracy and stability.From this, it could be concluded that the improved NanoDet-Plus network had good recognition performance and could be used for forestry pest and disease detection, which could improve prevention and control efficiency.

In order to establish a rapid detection technology for the tomato chlorosis virus （ToCV）, the coat protein （CP） gene of the virus was cloned by RT-PCR technology, and it was recombinant into a prokaryotic expression vector using Gateway technology. It was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 strain for induction of expression. The purified CP protein was used as an antigen to prepare a ToCV CP polyclonal antibody by immunizing Japanese rabbits. Indirect ELISA showed that the titer of the ToCV CP polyclonal antibody was 1∶12 800. Western blot and field experiments had shown that the ToCV CP polyclonal antibody had good specificity and sensitivity. The ToCV CP polyclonal antibody could be used for the detection of ToCV in the field.

The transcriptomes of Polygonatum kingianum var. grandifolium and Polygonatum sibiricum Red were sequenced using a sequencing platform. Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the bHLH transcription factors family related to organic acid metabolism, and the predicted proteins were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, structural domains, and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that based on the transcriptome data of Polygonatum kingianum var. grandifolium and Polygonatum sibiricum Red, a total of 46 682 transcription factors were obtained, including 110 bHLH transcription factors; there were 978 transcription factors with significant differences in the total transcription data, including 53 bHLH transcription factors;based on metabolomic prediction data, 31 transcription factors related to organic acid were identified, including 22 bHLH transcription factors related to organic acid. Except for Cluster-43865.11, Motif 1 was distributed in all other sequences, and the vast majority of sequences contained Motif 4; all 22 members of the bHLH transcription factors family exhibited varying degrees of conserved motif variation, with each bHLH containing 1-14 Motifs and an average of 7.81 Motifs.

The Illumina HiSeq^TM4000 sequencing platform was used to sequence samples from two different parts of Dendrobium officinale roots （root tip and mature zone）, and GO clustering and KEGG analysis were performed on differentially expressed genes. The results showed that the high-quality reading length of Dendrobium officinale roots was assembled into 136 541 single genes with an average length of 982 bp. Identification and classification statistics were conducted on genes with the ability to encode transcription factors, and 2105 single genes were mapped to 55 categories of transcription factors. A total of 148 MADS boxes, 737 NACs, 449 WRKYs, 369 MYBs, and 105 ARFs were identified. The regulatory pathways of differentially expressed genes involved many pathways, including secondary metabolic pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, environmental response pathways such as plant-pathogen interactions, and signal transduction pathways such as plant MAPK signaling pathway.

Taking Yantai Apple as the research object, the Python was used to crawl the user’s comment data under relevant products as the corpus, the natural language processing technology of Baidu AI platform was introduced, and the trained model was used to analyze the comment text. LDA theme classification model was built to extract text themes and keywords, and conduct text mining and quantitative analysis for online comments. The results showed that in the comment text, the positive evaluation for Yantai Apple accounted for 96.1%, neutral evaluation for 0.3%, and negative evaluation for 3.6%. According to the theme consistency index, the comment text content could be clustered into five themes： variety identification, service perception, product quality, marketing perception and logistics quality. Consumers’ overall satisfaction with Yantai Apple was high. Strengthening the variety identification of consumers was an important improvement direction in the future, and suggestions for further improving consumers’ satisfaction were put forward.

Based on provincial-level panel data in China from 2013 to 2022, the fixed effects model, intermediary effects model, and threshold effects model were used to empirically test the impact and mechanism of digital rural construction on agricultural economic resilience. The results showed that the digital rural construction had a positive promoting effect on the resilience of agricultural economy, which still held true after robustness testing. The digital rural construction enhanced the resilience of agricultural economy by promoting agricultural infrastructure construction and regional economic development. Compared to the main grain producing areas and high resilience areas, the effect of digital rural construction on empowering agricultural economic resilience in non-grain producing areas and low resilience areas was relatively weak. Based on this, it was recommended to continue promoting the construction of digital rural areas, leverage the driving role of agricultural infrastructure and regional economic development, and take multiple measures to enhance the resilience of agricultural economy, in order to lay the foundation for building China into an agricultural powerhouse.

The SERVQUAL model and service quality evaluation method were introduced and modified, the rural B&Bs in Urumqi County were token as the research object,and a 6-dimension and 26-indicator system evaluation scale of service quality of rural B&Bs in Urumqi County was constructed to measure their service quality. The results showed that the service quality score of rural B&Bs in Urumqi County was -0.51,and the service quality was not high. In terms of service quality result evaluation analysis,it was found that the disparity of each dimension was from high to low in the order of assurance, responsiveness, safety, empathy, tangibility, and reliability.Combining the disparity of each dimension and the disparity of each index,it was found that many problems existed in rural B&Bs in Urumqi County,such as insufficient excavation of regional culture,low service level of B&B staff,and weak awareness of epidemic prevention and safety. The results of the study had some theoretical significance for enriching the theories related to the service quality of rural B&Bs,and also had some reference value for further improving the service quality of rural B&Bs in Urumqi County.

The generation mechanism of social risk of relocated migrants based on urbanization resettlement was analyzed. It found that the expression types of social risk of relocated migrants mainly included economic risk, social integration risk and cultural integration risk. Finally, it was proposed to strengthen industrial cultivation and employment assistance, strictly prevent the risk of scale return to poverty; improve the public service “software”, enhance the level of social integration of relocated migrants; build inclusive cultural community, reshape the regional social life community; establish a social risk prevention mechanism, timely resolve sudden risks, so as to maintain the social stability of the resettlement area.

Based on the SFIC model, the influencing factors of collaborative governance of rural human settlements in Z Town, Dazhu County were studied. The results showed that the starting condition, facilitative leadership, institutional design and collaborative process all significantly affected the results of collaborative governance of rural human settlements, and the influence of each variable was in the order of collaborative process （0.523） > facilitative leadership （0.377） > institutional design （0.309） > starting condition （0.197）. As an intermediary variable, the collaborative process significantly affected the collaborative governance results of rural human settlements, playing a partial mediating role between the starting condition and the collaborative results, between the facilitative leadership and the collaborative results, and a complete mediating role between the institutional design and the collaborative results. On this basis, it was proposed to seek the balance of resources and consolidate the foundation of cooperation; strengthen catalytic leadership and promote collaborative process; optimize system design and standardize cooperative behavior; improve collaborative process and enhance synergistic effect; consolidate synergistic results and strengthen regulatory evaluation.