Fuxiang No. 9 is a new high-quality conventional aromatic rice variety bred by pedigree method and molecular marker-assisted selection with Huarun No. 2 and Ehui 71 as parents. It was approved by Hubei Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2023. The variety had short growth period, good quality, aroma and good taste, which was especially suitable for the cultivation of post-shrimp rice. Some measures should be taken in its cultivation process, including sowing in time, increasing the amount of sowing appropriately, controlling nitrogen and increasing potassium at the same time to improve lodging resistance.

To investigate the effects of silica nanoparticles （SiO₂ NPs） on rice seed germination, growth and photosynthesis, and provide a reference for the application of SiO₂ NPs in agricultural production, a completely randomized design was used, the surface of rice seeds and leaves was treated with 0.01, 0.10, 1.00 and 10.00 g/L aqueous dispersions of 30 nm SiO₂ NPs, expressed sequentially as T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄, and deionized water was taken as control （CK）. The effects of SiO₂ NPs on rice seed germination, growth indices and photosynthetic characteristics such as plant height, tillering number, biomass, soluble polysaccharides content, soluble proteins content, free amino acids content, total phenols content, pigment content of chloroplast, photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic fluorescence parameters at tillering stage were investigated. The results showed that the germination potential, germinate index and vitality index of rice seeds under T₃ increased by 6.6%, 32.7% and 43.4% respectively compared to CK. Root biomass of rice under T₂ increased by 43.6% compared to CK, while stem and leaf biomass of rice under T₃ increased by 143.9% and 15.2% respectively. The contents of soluble polysaccharides and total phenols of rice leaves under T₃ were 107.1% and 26.7% higher than those in CK, respectively. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll of rice leaves under T₄ were 21.3%, 60.3%, 45.6% and 30.6% higher than those in CK, respectively. Photosynthetic rate, the photochemical quenching coefficients qP and qL during the light reaction process, relative photoelectron conduction rate ETR and actual photochemical quantum yield Y（Ⅱ） of rice leaves under T₃ increased by 32.4%, 68.5%, 61.7%, 69.7% and 69.7% compared to CK respectively. It was recommended to use 0.10~1.00 g/L SiO₂ NPs for rice seed soaking and tillering stage treatment.

In order to explore whether the coal gasification slag combined with oyster mushroom bran can be used as a sand modifier to improve the soil in the coal mine area, the coal gasification slag with a mass fraction of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the soil in the coal mine area was mixed with 15 % mushroom bran and applied to the soil in the coal mine area. At the same time, the blank control （CK1, the coal mine soil） and the coal mine soil with mushroom bran （CK2） were set up. Under the condition of soil fallow state, the soil enzyme activity of each treatment was measured every 7 days. The results showed that the soil enzyme activity of CK2 was higher than that of CK1 at 0, 7 and 14 d. The soil enzyme activity of each coal gasification slag treatment was higher than that of CK2, and the soil enzyme activity under the treatment of 30% coal gasification slag combined with 15% oyster mushroom bran （T3） was at the highest level. Compared with CK2, except that catalase did not reach a significant level at 7 d, other enzyme activities of T3 were significantly increased at any time （P < 0.05）. In summary, the application of 30% coal gasification slag with 15% oyster mushroom bran could promote soil enzyme activity to the greatest extent.

The effect of crushing degree （no crushing, coarse crushing, fine crushing） on the nutrients and maturity of radish compost was studied with waste radish as the main material. The results showed that the higher the degree of crushing was, the faster the composting started and the higher the temperature accumulated. At the end of composting, the content of the organic matter and total nutrients of the three treatments could meet the requirements of “Organic Fertilizer” （NY/T 525—2021）, and the organic matter content of the coarse crushing treatment was significantly higher than that of the other two treatments（P<0.05）. At the end of composting, the germination index of seeds treated with coarse crushing and fine crushing was 88.14% and 88.07%, respectively, meeting the requirements for maturity. Therefore, waste radishes could be successfully composted in both coarse and fine crushing conditions. Considering the treatment cost, it was recommended to use coarse crushing during radish composting.

To provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution of cultivated land in the area along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province and the green development of agriculture in the Yangtze River basin, based on the city scale, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of non-point source pollution of cultivated land in the area along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2020 were revealed, and the Tapio decoupling model was used to further explore the decoupling relationship between non-point source pollution of cultivated land and agricultural economic growth. The results showed that the non-point source pollution of cultivated land in the area along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province had significantly improved, and the spatial differences in pesticide non-point source pollution were more significant compared to fertilizer non-point source pollution. The overall output value per unit area of the planting industry was on the rise, with significant spatial differences. The decoupling relationship between agricultural production and non-point source pollution of cultivated land showed a phased feature, and the strong decoupling aggregation area showed displacement. In the future, the reduction and efficiency increase of chemical fertilizers and pesticides should be promoted, the monitoring and evaluation of cultivated land quality should be strengthened, soil conservation mechanisms should be established, and the construction of high standard farmland throughout the region should be promoted, to achieve strong decoupling between agricultural production and non-point source pollution of cultivated land.

In order to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer combined with inorganic fertilizer on the distribution and community of soil macrofauna in the sweet potato field under the condition of equal nitrogen, four kinds of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer were set up during the growth of the sweet potato, including pig manure organic fertilizer, sheep manure organic fertilizer, mushroom residue organic fertilizer and perishable garbage organic fertilizer, and the pure chemical fertilizer and no fertilization were used as the control. The amount of pure nitrogen in each treatment was 150.00 kg/hm². The changes of soil moisture content and pH under different fertilization treatments were investigated, and the distribution and diversity of soil macrofauna in soil were investigated and analyzed. 10 groups of soil macrofauna were captured, including Hymenoptera, Collembola, Araneae, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Staphylinidae and Oligotricha. Hymenoptera was the dominant group among soil macrofauna treated with different fertilizers. There were the most macrofaunas in the surface soil of the 0~5 cm sample plot. The analysis of soil macrofauna diversity showed that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index of pig manure organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer treatment was 2.138, which was the highest among all treatments, increasing by 60.51% compared to the no fertilizer control and 12.23% compared to the pure chemical fertilizer control. The number of groups and individuals in this treatment was also the highest. The diversity index of the four types of organic fertilizer was higher than that of the no fertilizer control, and the application of organic fertilizer could improve biodiversity, which was conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural ecology.

Taking Hubei Province as an example, the PSR model, entropy weight method, comprehensive index method, obstacle model, GM （1,1） prediction model and other methods were used to evaluate and analyze the land ecological security and main influencing factors in Hubei Province from 2015 to 2021. Based on GIS, the land use change in the study area was analyzed, and the development trend of land ecological security from 2022 to 2027 was predicted. The results showed that the land ecological security index in Hubei Province increased rapidly during the research period, and only decreased in 2016 and 2019 due to the economic environment, natural disasters and sudden infectious diseases. It had reached a relatively safe range in 2021. During the research period, the land structure in Hubei Province was relatively reasonable and did not undergo significant changes. There was still room for land structure improvement, and the red lines for natural resources and ecological protection had been strictly adhered to. However, the maintenance of arable land area could not be ignored. The obstacle degree had shifted from the response layer to the pressure and state layer, and the main limiting factors had shifted to population density, urbanization rate and the proportion of cultivated land, which were the key points of future regulation. The land ecological security status in Hubei Province would remain relatively safe from 2022 to 2027, and might break through to safety in future, with a good development trend.

Based on the land use data of Qingjiang Basin of the Poyang Lake Basin of Jiangxi Province from 1930 to 2010, combined with the carbon emission coefficient and STIRPAT model, the change process and influencing factors of carbon emission in the study area during this period were discussed. The results indicated that the net carbon emissions increased from 43 312.9 tons to 87 412.3 tons from 1930 to 2010. The carbon source increased from 46 331.0 tons to 97 816.2 tons. The carbon sink had changed from 3 018.1 tons to 10 403.9 tons. Regression analysis showed that the proportion of carbon sinks had generally been increasing from 1930 to 2010. The changes in arable land, grassland, water bodies and unused land were not significant, while the changes in forest land and construction land were significant. The analysis results of the STIRPAT model showed that arable land and construction land were the main driving factors for the increase in land use carbon emissions in the Qingjiang Basin from 1930 to 2010. For every 1% increase in arable land and construction land, carbon emissions increased by 5.250% and 0.688%, respectively.

Taking Changzhou City of Jiangsu Province as the study area, based on remote sensing images from 2000 to 2020, the FLUS model and the ecosystem service value （ESV） assessment method were used to systematically study the impacts of land use changes on ESV in Changzhou City in 2035 under three different scenarios of natural development, cultivated land preservation and ecological protection. The results showed that the dynamic degree of land use in Changzhou City showed a downward trend from 2000 to 2020. Among them, the highest amount of transferred out was cultivated land, and the highest amount of transferred in was construction land. The ESV in Changzhou City from 2000 to 2020 demonstrated a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing, owing to the impact of land use changes. The water area exerted the primary impact on the change of ESV, and regulatory and support services were the two main ecosystem service functions in Changzhou City. The ESV of Changzhou City exhibited significant variations under different scenario simulations, with the natural development scenario resulting in the lowest ESV and the ecological protection scenario resulting in the highest ESV. Finally, it was recommended that the ecological protection scenario was the best development model to optimize the regional land use structure and maintain the value of ecosystem services, which should be used as a long-term development strategy for future land use in Changzhou City.

In order to realize the recycling and reuse of fallen flowers and screen out efficient and environmentally friendly plant source herbicides with weeding potential, falling flowers of 10 common urban greening trees in northern cities were selected as donors, and the allelopathic effects of their water extract on eight weeds, including Lolium perenne, Malva sinensis, Gypsophila paniculata, Agrostemma githago, Trifolium pratense, Medicago sativa, Centaurea cyanus and Pennisetum alopecuroides were studied through indoor sowing pot experiments. The results showed that the extract of the falling flowers of the Acer buergerianum had a comprehensive inhibitory effect on Lolium perenne, Gypsophila paniculata, Agrostemma githago, Trifolium pratense, Centaurea cyanus and Pennisetum alopecuroides, and the comprehensive principal component values （F） were -2.041, -1.976, -1.716, -0.995, -1.750, -1.290, respectively. The extract of the falling flowers of Koelreuteria paniculata had a comprehensive inhibitory effect on Lolium perenne, Malva sinensis, Medicago sativa, Centaurea cyanus and Pennisetum alopecuroides, and F were -0.458, -0.771, -3.244, -0.434, -0.818, respectively. The extract of the falling flowers of Prunus serrulata had a comprehensive inhibitory effect on Malva sinensis, Gypsophila paniculata, Agrostemma githago, Trifolium pratense and Centaurea cyanus, and F were -0.531, -1.038, -1.601, -0.833, -0.896, respectively. The extract of the above three kinds of falling flowers could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of more than five kinds of weeds and had no adverse effect on the soil enzyme activity in the weed rhizosphere, with a weeding potential, which could be used as a preferred species resource for the development of plant-derived herbicides.

In order to clarify the combined toxicity of Macleaya cordata alkaloids and tea saponins against three food crop pathogens, namely Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, and Exserohilum turcicum （Pass） Leonard et Suggs, the semi-effective concentration（EC₅₀）, toxicity ratio, and optimal combination toxicity of macleaya alkaloids, tea saponins, and their different mixtures against the three food crop pathogens were determined by the growth rate method. The results showed that the EC₅₀ of macleaya alkaloids against Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea and Exserohilum turcicum Pass, were 60.626, 24.933 μg/mL and 83.152 μg/mL, respectively; the EC₅₀ of tea saponins against Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, and Exserohilum turcicum Pass were 194.978, 565.427 μg/mL and 440.656 μg/mL, respectively; the combined toxicity screening of the best ratio represented that the mixture of macleaya alkaloid and tea saponin with a mass ratio of 1∶3.2 showed a synergistic effect on Fusarium graminearum, and the synergistic coefficient was 2.517. The mixture of macleaya alkaloid and tea saponin with a mass ratio of 1∶9.7 and 1∶15.1 showed a synergistic effect on the pathogen of Magnaporthe grisea, with a synergistic coefficient of 2.650 and 1.656, respectively. The mixture of macleaya alkaloid and tea saponin with a mass ratio of 1∶3.5 and 1∶5.3 showed a synergistic effect on the pathogen of Exserohilum turcicum Pass, with a synergistic coefficient of 2.522 and 2.440, respectively. It was shown that the combination of macleaya alkaloid and tea saponin had an obvious synergistic effect on Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, and Exserohilum turcicum Pass.

To elucidate the dosage reduction of tebuconazole （Teb） and efficacy enhancement effects of different plant immune inducers in the control of rice sheath blight, five plant immune inducers, including chitosan （CHI）, amino oligosaccharide （CHS）, abscisic acid（ABA）, oligosaccharide plant activator （OPA）, acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） and ethephon（ETH）, were chosen the combine with Teb and sprayed twice during the rice booting stage （5~7 days before heading） and heading stage respectively. The results showed that in combination with a 20% reduction of Teb, all inducers except ETH significantly improved the control effect. Combinations with ASA and ABA exhibited control effects of 95.2% and 93.2% against rice sheath blight, respectively, significantly higher than the full dosage of Teb treatment, with enhancements of 41.5% and 38.5%. In combination with a 50% reduction in Teb, the control effects of the treatments of ASA, OPA, ABA, and CHS were higher than the full dosage of Teb treatment, but the improvements were not significant. The actual yield results indicated that under the condition of a 50% reduction, all except CHS, OPA, ASA, and ETH had no adverse effects on yield. Therefore, within a certain range, ABA, CHS, and OPA could act as combination partners to reduce the usage of Teb and enhance its efficacy in controlling rice sheath blight.

Aiming to determine the contents of nutrients and active ingredients of mulberry leaves in Ankang City, and promote their development and utilization, 24 mulberry varieties were subjected as the research object, the contents of 11 indicators including nutritional components, medicinal components, and mineral elements in the up- and mid- position leaves were measured, the quality of mulberry leaves was comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis, and the correlation between the quality indexes of mulberry leaves of different varieties was also analyzed. The results showed that nutritional and bioactive substances in 24 kinds of mulberry leaves presented a certain extent of differences. Using the coefficient of variation to calculate the dispersion of each component, the results showed that the coefficient of variation of selenium content was the maximum in varieties of mulberry, representing that different varieties of mulberry had significant differences in selenium accumulation ability. The cumulative contribution rate of the four principal components extracted from up- and mid-mulberry leaves was 76.551% and 78.114%, respectively, which was used to calculate the comprehensive score of mulberry leaf quality. The results showed that the up-leaves of Luyou 7, Jinshi and Hongguo 2, or mid-leaves of Fengtian 2, 711 and Luyou 7 had relatively high scores. Correlation analysis showed that various physical and chemical indicators in up- and mid-leaves had different correlation scores.

Taking E pear No.2 as the experimental material, the effects of canopy relative light intensity, leaf photosynthetic efficiency of trellis transformed shape, spindle shape and small and sparse canopy shape on fruit quality and field yield were studied. The results showed that the average relative light intensity in the canopy was 71.58%, 72.78% and 50.96% for trellis transformed shape, spindle shape and small and sparse canopy shape respectively, and small and sparse canopy shape had ineffective light areas; the average net photosynthetic rates of leaves were 11.56, 11.39, 8.08 μmol CO₂/（m²·s）, respectively. The single fruit weight and soluble solid content of fruit with trellis transformed shape were 17.59% and 6.61% higher than those with small and sparse canopy shape; the field yield of the modified spindle shape was 47.80% higher than that of the reconstructed tree with trellis, and the field yield of the small and sparse canopy shape was 11.90% higher than that of the reconstructed tree with trellis, showing significant differences. The modified trellis shape and spindle shape of E pear No.2 significantly improved the wind and light permeability conditions of the tree, and the leaf photosynthetic efficiency was high, which laid the material foundation for improving the fruit quality and increasing the field yield.

In order to compare the biological and cultivation properties of wild Hymenopellis raphanipes with the other 2 commercial strains, the optimal initial pH, culture temperature and primary medium formula of the three strains were selected, and the growth rates on the optimal pH, appropriate temperature and optimal medium were compared. The results showed that the optimal pH of Hymenopellis raphanipes was 6; the suitable temperature was 24~27 ℃; the optimal medium of wild Hymenopellis raphanipes was wheat grain, and the optimal medium of two commercial Hymenopellis raphanipes was corn grain; the growth and whiteness of wild Hymenopellis raphanipes were better than thoes of two commercial Hymenopellis raphanipes, and the growth rate of wild Hymenopellis raphanipes was consistent with that of the other two commercial strains.

Chuyun No.1 is a new high-quality and special thick-skinned flavored melon（Cucumis melo L.） variety bred by the Institute of Cash Crops of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences through hybridization with inbred line QTH102 as the female parent and inbred line QTH117 as the male parent. It is early to mid-maturing. The plant has medium growth vigor. The fruit development period is 40~42 days. The fruit is high and round. The peel is yellow-green with reticulate veins. The flesh is white-green. The single melon weighs 1.0~1.3 kg. The flesh is about 2.5~2.8 cm thick. The flesh is soft and slightly sour. The center sugar content is 16.0%~17.0%. It is sour and sweet and delicious. It has strong disease resistance and is suitable for spring facility cultivation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In 2024, it was registered as a national non-major crop variety with the number GPD melon （2024） 420022.

One bud four five leaves of the tea tree variety E tea No. 10 popularized in Hubei Province were selected as the raw materials. An orthogonal optimization experiment was conducted on the key process of Qingzhuan tea, pile-fermentation, with three factors （tea dhool moisture content, temperature, and humidity） at three levels. The results showed that the moisture content of the tea dhool and the humidity of the pile-fermentation had great influence on the quality of Qingzhuan tea; the optimal parameters were as follows： Moisture content of the tea dhool（40%）, humidity （70%） in the fermentation environment, and temperature （45 ℃） in the fermentation environment.

Aiming to screen out new varieties of flue-cured tobacco suitable for planting in Liangshan tobacco area of Sichuan Province, taking Yunyan 87 as the control, the ecological adaptability of Yunyan 121, Yunyan 116, Yunyan 119 and Yunyan 301 was studied by means of agronomic characters, quality and economic characters of fresh tobacco leaves. Meanwhile, the cell structure and metabolism of different varieties at maturity were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy and metabolomics. The results showed that, the agronomic traits of Yunyan 87 and Yunyan 116 in the five varieties in the field. There was no significant difference in the appearance quality of the middle leaves of the five cultivars, but Yunyan 87 and Yunyan 121 had slightly more oil, and Yunyan 121 had obvious advantages in thickness, stem content and tension resistance, and was more harmonious in the chemical composition, and the sensory quality score was high. The number of chloroplast scleric granna in Yunyan 87 and Yunyan 121 cells was higher, the degree of thylakoid stacking was higher, and the number of osmiophilic granules was higher. Compared with Yunyan 87, the contents of nicotine and thiamine in Yunyan 121 cultivar decreased, and the contents of melibiose, D-galactose, jasmonic acid, perilla alcohol, tyrosine and tocopherol increased to promote root growth, improve stress resistance, and better adapt to the local growth environment, and were conducive to reducing nicotine in flue-cured tobacco, increasing sugar content, and improving the aroma and smoking taste of tobacco leaves. It was concluded that, Yunyan 121 and Yunyan 87 had the best comprehensive traits, followed by Yunyan 116, especially Yunyan 121 had strong disease resistance and stress resistance, adapted to the local growth environment, and had high promotion value in Liangshan tobacco region of Sichuan Province.

Using naturally grown grasses as a control, three kinds of artificially planted grasses were set up to observe the growth and cover characteristics of the three kinds of grass, and the changes of artificially planted grasses on soil nutrients and microbial diversity in pear orchards were analyzed. The results showed that Vicia villosa demonstrated superior soil coverage effects in pear orchards compared to Trifolium repens and Astragalus sinicus. Both artificially planted and naturally grown grasses could effectively enhance soil fertility, but naturally grown grasses showed better accumulation of soil available nutrients than artificially planted ones; Trifolium repens coverage significantly improved soil organic matter, available potassium and total nitrogen levels compared to natural grasses, Astragalus sinicus and Vicia villosa. Vicia villosa coverage was superior in enhancing soil nitrate nitrogen levels compared to natural grasses, Trifolium repens and Astragalus sinicus. During the grass coverage period, both natural and artificial grassing effectively increased soil microbial diversity. In the later growth stage of Astragalus sinicus, soil microbial diversity was less than that of natural grasses, Trifolium repens and Vicia villosa.

In order to optimize the fresh processing technology of Cyathulae Radix slices, and verify its feasibility,the orthogonal experimental design was used to investigate the effects of initial drying temperature, initial drying degree, perspiration time and redrying temperature on the quality and drying time of Cyathulae Radix slices. The feasibility of the process was verified by quality evaluation and metabolome analysis. The results showed that the four factors all had significant or extremely significant effects on drying time and extract content; the initial drying temperature had significant effects on the content of cyasterone and precyasterone; the redrying temperature had significant effects on the content of precyasterone. The best process of fresh processing on origin of Cyathulae Radix slices was as follows： After the fresh product was cut into a single branch, it was initially dried at 50 ℃ to the water content of 41.2%, then sweated for 15~30 h, sliced, and then dried at 70 ℃ until the water content was not higher than 12.0%. The quality of the slices produced by fresh processing on origin was better than that of the slices available in the market（SSP） and the slices produced by traditional methods（CTP）. The chemical composition of the slices produced by fresh processing and the slices produced by traditional methods was very similar. Compared with CTP, among the 36 different metabolites, the contents of 7 flavonoids and 5 saponins were up-regulated in CXP. The contents of 20 flavonoids, 2 saponins and 2 steroids were down-regulated. Therefore, it was feasible to replace the traditional method with fresh processing on origin of Cyathulae Radix slices.

In a 50-year-old Platycladus orientalis plantation in the limestone mountains of Taihang Mountain, the thickness and orientation differences of the tree radial components, including heartwood, sapwood and bark,were investigated by trunk analysis and growth cone method. The correlation between the thickness of each component and the trunk diameter of the tree was analyzed, and a regression model was established. The results showed the trunk diameter of 70 sample trees ranged from 3.92 cm to 15.95 cm with an average diameter of 9.80 cm and an average radius of 4.90 cm, the thickness of heartwood （2.70 cm, accounting for 55% of radius） > sapwood thickness （1.84 cm, 38%） > bark thickness （0.36 cm, 7%）. There was no significant difference among four directions in trunk radius and heartwood thickness; there was a significant directional difference in sapwood thickness and bark thickness, with the largest value in the south direction. There were extremely significant positive correlations between stem radius, heartwood thickness, sapwood thickness and trunk diameter. The nonlinear and linear regression models of each component thickness and trunk diameter were established in different directions of the tree trunk.

Taking Zahan Village in Hainan Province as the research object, based on the theory of the man-land relationship, and using the methods of landscape pattern index, dynamic attitude of land use and land use transfer matrix, the characteristics and evolution of village landscape from the perspective of production-living-ecological spaces were discussed. The results showed that in terms of landscape pattern, the village landscape pattern was diversified, but landscape connectivity was low and fragmentation of the landscape was high; from the point of view of landscape spatial distribution, the village landscape was characterized by the spatial distribution of overall dispersion and local agglomeration. From 2007 to 2016, the dynamic degree of land use changed little, and the absolute value of dynamic degree of rural living space was the largest. From 2016 to 2021, the dynamic degree of land use changed obviously, and the area of agricultural production space changed the most. During the whole study period, the absolute value of dynamic degree of forest ecological space was the smallest, but the area decreased the most, and the absolute value of dynamic degree of rural living space was the largest, and the area increased the most. The landscape evolution of Zahan Village was mainly manifested in the transfer among 5 types of land use. From 2007 to 2016, the conversion area of agricultural production space and grassland ecological space into rural living space was the most obvious; from 2016 to 2021, the largest conversion area was rural living space to agricultural production space; during the whole study period, the conversion area of forest ecological space, grassland ecological space and water ecological space into rural living space and agricultural production space was the most obvious.

The bacteria were isolated from diseased materials with swollen heads and swollen faces in a large-scale chicken farm in Hubei province. The molecular biology, biochemical characteristics, serotype and drug resistance of the isolated strain were identified, and the genome sequence of the isolated strain was determined. The pathogenicity of the strain was verified through animal regression experiments. Results showed that white round, smooth edges, translucent dew-like colonies were isolated from the samples. The isolated strain was gram-negative bacterium, which showed a typical “satellite” pattern in satellite tests. The 16S rRNA sequence of isolated strain was highly homologous to reported sequence of Avibacterium paragallinarum. Its serotype was identified as type A. And the results of drug susceptibility tests showed that the isolate strain was resistant to trimethoprim, lincomycin and amikacin, while sensitive to various antibiotics such as doxycycline, spectinomycin. Animal regression experiments showed that the isolated strain caused typical swollen head and face symptoms in chicks. Pathological sections showed the strain caused significant lesions in the lungs, liver and spleen of chicks. The whole-genome sequence of isolated strain showed that it had 53 drug resistance genes and 121 virulence genes.

In order to explore the response of nitrogen application rate to chlorophyll content and photosynthetic characteristics of Leymus chinensis, five nitrogen （pure N） gradients （0, 75, 150, 225, 300 kg/hm²） were set in a potted experiment. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic characteristics of L. chinensis were measured at the jointing stage. The effects of different nitrogen application rates on biomass, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic characteristics of L. chinensis were analyzed. The results showed as follows：①Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application rate had a certain promotion effect on the total biomass of L. chinensis in the range of 75~150 kg/hm², and the most obvious promotion effect was at 150 kg/hm², which increased by 18.05%; ②the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and reached the maximum values at 150 kg/hm², which were 1.68 mg/g and 0.64 mg/g, respectively; ③photosynthetic characteristics （net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate） of L. chinensis generally increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate, and reached the maximum under N150 treatment. It was concluded that 150 kg/hm² nitrogen fertilizer had the best chlorophyll content, which promoted photosynthesis and further increased biomass accumulation of L. chinensis.

The fresh annual rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum was used as the raw material for the development of Polygonatum sibiricum pickles. The single-factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fermentation temperature, salt addition, and sugar addition on the physicochemical properties of these pickles, such as total acid, salinity and so on. The processing technology of Polygonatum sibiricum pickles was optimized using response surface methodology with the sensory score as the evaluation index. The results showed that the optimum processing condition of Plygonatum sibiricum pickles was fermentation temperature of 25 ℃, salt addition of 4.0% and sugar addition of 4.0%. Under this condition, the sensory score reached the highest, and the resulting Plygonatum sibiricum pickles exhibited moderate sweetness and sourness, crispness and refreshing taste, and high nutritional value.

Angiotensin converting enzyme （ACE） inhibitory peptide was prepared from Flammulina velutipes by ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis, providing the basis for further processing of Flammulina velutipes. The enzyme for preparing ACE inhibitory peptide of Flammulina velutipes was screened, and the optimal pH for separating active peptide by isoelectric point precipitation was optimized. With ACE inhibition rate as the response value, a single factor test was carried out with five factors, including liquid to material ratio, ultrasonic time, and enzyme dosage, and a response surface test with four factors and three levels was designed. The results showed that the best protease for preparing ACE inhibitory peptide of Flammulina velutipes was trypsin, and the best pH for precipitating active peptide was 6.5. The optimal preparation condition of ACE inhibitory peptide was as follows： ultrasonic power of 250 W, enzymolysis temperature of 37 ℃, enzymolysis pH of 8, liquid to material ratio of 40∶1 （mL/g）, and ultrasonic time of 5 min. Enzyme addition was 1.2% （g/g） of Flammulina velutipes sample, and enzymolysis time was 90 min. ACE inhibitory peptides were classified and their activity was analyzed using ultrafiltration separation method. Under this condition, the ACE inhibitory rate of Flammulina velutipes peptide was （65.36 ± 1.53） %; peptides with a molecular weight of <3 kDa had the highest ACE inhibition rate.

Using Illicium verum（Illicium verum Hook. f.） as the experimental material, the content of 36 elements in Illicium verum was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and the correlation between elements was analyzed. The results showed that the detection limits of 36 elements in Illicium verum were 0~4.484 6 mg/kg, the quantification limits were 0.000 1~14.948 8 mg/kg, and the average spiked recovery rates were 99.12%~104.25%. This method had a good linear relationship within a certain concentration range, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.996 0. Illicium verum had the highest content of constant elements, followed by heavy metal elements, and the lowest content was rare earth elements. Most elements in Illicium verum had significant positive correlations with other elements, while only Na and Mg, Ni, and Mg and Sn had significant negative correlations. Rare earth elements were mainly divided into two categories, with the first major category including La Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb, and the second major category of elements included Dy Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Lu. The results of principal component analysis showed that Cr, Fe, Co, Ge, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd accounted for a large proportion in the first principal component, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb account for a large proportion in the second principal component, Al, K, and Mn accounted for a large proportion in the third principal component, Cd and Sb accounted for a large proportion in the fourth principal component, and As accounted for a large proportion in the fifth principal component. This method was fast, accurate, and easy to operate, meeting the detection requirements.

A method for simultaneous detection of 11 common foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food was established based on the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification （MLPA）. By designing and synthesizing specific MLPA probes, hybridization, ligation, and PCR amplification reactions with standard strain DNA after high-temperature denaturation were performed. The size and presence of PCR amplification products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The results showed that using 11 pairs of probes to detect single bacterial nucleic acid samples, each analyte had a single peak and no impurity peaks appeared, indicating that there was no cross influence between the 11 pairs of probes and the specificity of the probes was good;using 11 pairs of probes for simultaneous multiplex detection of mixed pathogenic nucleic acid samples, each analyte could obtain amplification peaks of the same size as expected, and the amplification peaks did not interfere with each other. No target amplification peak was amplified in the blank control, indicating that the system could simultaneously detect multiple foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The detection results of this technology were highly specific, with a minimum detectable contamination level of 1.5×10⁵ CFU/mL. As a supplement to traditional microbiological detection techniques, MLPA technology could be applied for early screening of foodborne pathogenic bacteria and monitoring of food microbiological safety risks.

By exploring the nutritional changes of Lateolabrax maculatus and Micropterus salmoides with different quality specifications, the accumulation pattern and nutritional quality of nutrients during their growth process were analyzed. The results showed that 16 amino acids were detected in both Lateolabrax maculatus and Micropterus salmoides muscles, including 7 essential amino acids （EAA）, 2 semi-essential amino acids （SEAA）, and 7 non-essential amino acids （NEAA）. The protein content in the muscles of Lateolabrax maculatus and Micropterus salmoides ranged from 18.20% to 21.80%, fat content from 1.24% to 4.25%, moisture content from 72.10% to 78.30%, ash content from 1.14% to 1.31%, total amino acid content from 17.37% to 20.72%, and essential amino acid content from 7.01% to 8.21%. The variety of nutrients in sea bass was complete and balanced. Lateolabrax maculatus and Micropterus salmoides had certain differences in nutritional composition, and the nutritional components of sea bass of different quality specifications were not the same. The content of various amino acids in the large-scale Lateolabrax maculatus was the highest, and there was a significant difference （P<0.05） compared to other Lateolabrax maculatus samples; the various amino acid contents of the large Micropterus salmoides were the highest, and most of the amino acid contents were significantly different from those of other Micropterus salmoides samples （P<0.05）, indicating that the large sea bass accumulated more amino acids during the growth process. From the perspective of amino acid balance, medium-sized sea bass was the most suitable for consumption.

The study focused on wild and farmed juvenile Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, which had similar body weight and length. Biochemical analysis was used to determine and analyze the muscle and whole fish components. The results showed that there was no significant difference （P>0.05） in the water content, crude protein content, and muscle fat content of wild and farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis whole fish;the crude fat content of whole fish of farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis was significantly higher than that of wild Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis （P<0.05）;the water content and crude protein content of the muscle of farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis were significantly lower than those of wild Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis （P<0.05）. 27 fatty acids were detected in the whole fish and muscles of both wild and farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, including 9 saturated fatty acids （SFA）, 6 monounsaturated fatty acids （MUFA）, and 12 polyunsaturated fatty acids （PUFA）. The saturated fatty acids of wild Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis whole fish were significantly higher than those of farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis （P<0.05）; however, the monounsaturated fatty acids in the whole fish, as well as the monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the muscles of wild Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, were significantly lower than those of farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis （P<0.05）. The contents of arginine, threonine, alanine, glycine, leucine, and tyrosine in the muscles of farmed Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis were significantly lower than those of wild Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis （P<0.05）;among essential amino acids, only the histidine content in the whole fish of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis raised in aquaculture was significantly higher than that of wild Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis （P<0.05）.

Taking the 1 078 farmland sampling points in X County, a lead-zinc mining area, as the research object, the qualitative results of pollution source tracing were obtained through multivariate statistical analysis, and the contribution rate of each pollution source was calculated using the PCA-MLR model. The results indicated that the overall situation of heavy metal pollution in the soil of X County was good, but there was a risk of mild to moderate pollution;correlation analysis and cluster analysis indicated that there was a significant correlation among Cr, As, and Pb, as well as among Cu, Zn, and Cd, suggesting the possibility of similar pollution sources;the main sources of pollution for Pb, Cr, and As were mining emissions,the main sources of pollution for Cu and Zn were agricultural non-point source pollution,and the main source of Ni pollution was natural sources. On the basis of qualitative analysis of pollution sources, the contribution rates of different pollution sources were quantitatively confirmed through the PCA-MLR model. The main pollution sources in X County and A Town were agricultural non-point source pollution. Compared with traditional methods, this method had higher accuracy and practicality in pollution source analysis.

By incorporating the coordinate attention mechanism into the CenterNet model, the CAM-CenterNet model focused more on channels and positions that had good representation ability for Lasioderma serricorne （hereinafter referred to as tobacco worms）, reducing the interference of impurities such as cut tobacco and tobacco dust. This study compared the tobacco worms detection performance of CAM-CenterNet model, CenterNet model, YOLOv3 model, and Faster R-CNN model using precision, recall, mAP, frames per second （FPS）, and model parameter size as evaluation metrics. The results indicated that the YOLOv3 model performed the best in terms of recall and average accuracy, while the CAM-CenterNet model lagged slightly behind the YOLOv3 model but outperformed other models;in terms of frame rate, the CAM-CenterNet model detected tobacco worms images faster than the YOLOv3 model, with fewer model parameters and lower requirements for device configuration. The CAM-CenterNet model detected a higher number of tobacco worms than the Faster R-CNN model and YOLOv3 model when detecting smaller individuals. The CAM-CenterNet model not only focused more on the target features of tobacco worms, but also effectively suppressed the interference caused by impurities such as cut tobacco leaves and tobacco dust, achieving effective detection of tobacco worms. The CAM-CenterNet model could meet the requirements of cigarette factories for the speed and accuracy of tobacco pest detection, and could provide technical support for tobacco pest control in cigarette factories.

Combining semantic segmentation and edge detection deep learning networks, a Psi-Net deep learning network was constructed. The results showed that the Psi-Net deep learning network could effectively identify cultivated land, and the vast majority of cultivated land was effectively extracted with an Accuracy of 96.3%, a production accuracy （PA） of 98.1%, and a user accuracy （UA） of 97.1%. The Psi-Net deep learning network had limited the scope of cultivated land for boundary recognition, reducing the recognition of non-cultivated land boundaries. The completeness was 74.3%, the correctness was 80.2%, and the quality was 62.8%. The Psi-Net deep learning network could effectively identify the range of surface cultivated land, and under the limitation of cultivated land range, the extracted plot scale cultivated land boundaries all fell within the cultivated land range, without recognizing the plot boundaries outside the cultivated land, effectively reducing the impact of noise in extracting plot boundaries.

This study used the cbs gene sequence of brewing yeast as a template and optimized codons based on the codon preference of Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3）. The expression plasmid pET28a-cbs was constructed using pET28a（+） as the skeleton, and the cystathionine β-synthase （CBS） was expressed using Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3）. The inducing expression conditions were optimized and the enzymatic properties of CBS were analyzed. The results showed that the highest concentration of CBS was 266.67 mg/L at an induction temperature of 16 ℃, IPTG concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, and induction time of 18 hours.During the catalytic process of CBS, it was also influenced by various environmental factors. At 40~50 ℃, the relative enzyme activity of CBS rapidly decreased, and CBS was not suitable for long-term storage in environments with temperatures above 40 ℃;CBS was suitable for long-term storage in buffer solutions with pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.5, and should not be stored in buffer solutions that were too acidic or too alkaline;CBS exhibited high enzyme activity at a temperature of 40 ℃ and pH 8.0.

China’s successful experience in poverty management was a significant embodiment of Chinese modernization. Furthermore, it served as a solid foundation for the comprehensive promotion of rural revitalization and the building of China’s strong agriculture in the future. By incorporating China’s poverty alleviation policies into the analytical framework of Chinese modernization, this study first conducted an international comparison from the perspective of modern poverty governance, and examined China’s advantages in poverty definition, government assistance, and national development concepts. It further elucidated the great achievements of China’s poverty alleviation efforts through both historical and global comparisons. Secondly, the Chinese modernization poverty alleviation system was deconstructed into a closely integrated structure of institutional philosophy, fiscal capability, organizational system, and targeted policies. It summarized the institutional advantages of China’s distinctive poverty alleviation path under a national system by analyzing aspects such as leadership, poverty alleviation goals, fiscal mobilization, organizational structure, and policy implementation. Finally, it emphasized that eliminating absolute poverty was not the end of poverty governance. Establishing a long-term poverty alleviation system required consolidating stable and institutionalized poverty alleviation, effectively implementing endogenous poverty alleviation strategies, and transitioning toward relative poverty governance. The path of poverty alleviation with Chinese characteristics provided Chinese solutions for promoting world sustainable development, modernization and poverty governance.

The geographic concentration index and spatial autocorrelation method were used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution change characteristics of geographical indications for agricultural products in Guangxi and influencing factors. The results showed that the number of geographical indications of agricultural products had increased every year in the last ten years in Guangxi, but the inter-annual fluctuation range was large, and the number of geographical indications for aquatic product species was obviously less than that for the animal husbandry and plant; the spatial distribution of geographical indications of agricultural products showed a certain concentration at the city dimension, but the spatial aggregation was not significant. The geographical indications of agricultural products were mainly distributed in the mountainous region on the west and north in Guangxi, while the distribution of aquatic products and grain products in south Guangxi and coastal region. Regional administrative areas, natural environment conditions and local government support had great influence on the distribution of geographical indications for agricultural products. On the contrary, regional economic development level had no direct relationship with the distribution of geographical indications for agricultural products. The local governments of Guangxi should actively participate in the declaration and protection of geographical indications for agricultural products, make more influential agricultural brands, and promote rural revitalization and development.

Based on the perspective of stakeholders, the social network analysis method was used to analyze the problems existing in the connection of stakeholders in the process of land expropriation compensation decision-making in Xinjiang pastoral areas. The results showed that the relationship between stakeholders of land expropriation compensation decision-making in Xinjiang pastoral areas was relatively loose; the government and management departments were absolutely in the central position in the relationship network; there were many “structural holes” among different kinds of stakeholders, and the relationship resources of “structural holes” were controlled by the government and management departments. Based on this, three policy suggestions were proposed to build an effective decision-making path of land expropriation compensation： the first, establishing a direct contact channel between the herdsmen and the government; the second, building a communication channel between the land expropriated herdsmen and collective economic organizations and the resettlement herdsmen and collective economic organizations; the third, ensuring the effective public participation of all stakeholders through various channels.

Based on the perspectives of temporal changes and provincial regions, this study summarized the coordination mechanism of agricultural product market and new retail on rural consumption upgrading, and constructed a coupling model to calculate the coupling coordination among the three factors. The results showed that the coupling coordination degree of China’s agricultural product market, new retail, and rural consumption upgrading from 2012 to 2021 was 0.449~0.473. In 2016, it reached a maximum value of 0.473, with moderate coordination and little change among the agricultural product market, new retail, and rural consumption upgrading. It had a certain degree of stability, but still could not form a complementary coupling effect. The coupling coordination degree between the three factors in the eastern region was highly coordinated, and there was a close interdependence between the subsystems;the coupling coordination degree in the central region was moderate, and there were certain correlation effects between various subsystems;the coupling coordination degree in the western region was low, and there were serious imbalances between various subsystems, resulting in uneven development.This study systematically proposed suggestions based on empirical analysis results, providing a new path for the coordinated development of agricultural product markets, new retail, and rural consumption upgrading.

Based on the survey data of rice production in the Jianghan Plain, this study analyzed the factors that affected the level of agricultural production trusteeship of farmers from the perspective of their trusteeship willingness in different stages of agricultural production. The results indicated that the reduction of labor force among farmers and the high-intensity labor involved in land preparation and harvesting in agricultural production had increased their willingness to engage in production trusteeship. In the technology-intensive stage of agricultural production trusteeship, professional service organizations provided farmers with agricultural machinery, equipment, and production technology that enhanced their trusteeship willingness. However, in the seedling raising and transplanting stage, equipment factors had a negative impact on farmers’ trusteeship willingness,perhaps because the labor intensity in the seedling raising and transplanting process was lower than that in other processes, and farmers chose manual planting and relied more on their accumulated seedling raising and transplanting techniques over the years. The transformation of farmers’ production and management concepts, the pursuit of efficient and convenient agricultural production, and their desire for convenience had prompted farmers to participate in agricultural production trusteeship. Therefore, efforts should be made to strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure in major grain producing areas and the cultivation of talents in production trusteeship, increase government support, and establish a sound system of agricultural production service standards.

The entropy weight method was used to measure the level of rural tourism and rural economic development in Hubei Province, and the degree of coupling between them was analyzed. The results showed that from 2016 to 2021, the comprehensive development index of rural tourism in Hubei Province increased from 0.088 to 0.355, and the comprehensive development index of rural economy increased from 0.096 to 0.409, and the growth rate of rural tourism and rural economy in Hubei Province was relatively slow. The coupling coordinated level between rural tourism and rural economy was on the rise, and rural tourism and rural economy in Hubei Province had reached the primary stage of coordinated development. Finally, the policy suggestions to promote tourism and rural economic development were put forward.

Taking the leading of village-level organizations and the embedding of market entities as two variables affecting the subjectivity of farmers, the influence logic of the interaction between the two on farmers’ subjectivity was explored. The study found that in rural construction, the leadership of village-level organizations and the embedding of market entities had a significant impact on the development of farmers’ subjectivity. The active leadership of village-level organizations was the driving force for the development of farmers’ subjectivity, while the effective embedding of market entities was the external incentive for the strengthening of farmers’ subjectivity. The interaction between leadership and embedding shaped four relationship models： co-promotion, self-reliance, low efficiency, and auxiliary, which determined the effectiveness and logic of the subjectivity of farmers. To give full play to the role of farmers’subjectivity and improve subjectivity status of farmers, it was necessary to actively play the leading role of village-level organizations, strengthen and standardize the participation and embedding mechanism of market entities, and promote the spontaneous growth of farmers’ subjectivity.

Taking the county area of Shaanxi Province as the research object, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis （fsQCA） method was used to explore the key factors and path selection that affected the level of digital rural construction based on the TOE analysis framework. The results showed that no element in technology, organization and environment could alone constitute the necessary conditions for the construction of high-level digital villages in the county, and the construction of digital villages required a “combination punch” of these three elements. There were two high-level paths for the construction of digital villages in counties in Shaanxi Province, respectively, namely technology-organization-environmental fusion drive and technology-environment dual-drive. Among them, the technology-organization-environmental fusion drive path was universal. There was only one non-high-level path for the construction of digital villages in counties in Shaanxi Province. The degree of digital governance and capital investment were the core obstacles, and compared with the high-level digital rural construction paths, it had asymmetry. Based on the above research conclusions, suggestions were put forward to promote the construction of digital villages in Shaanxi Province.