In order to reveal the differences in starch characteristics and yield of different wheat varieties in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and to find better wheat varieties that were more suitable for growing in this area, the starch characteristics, sedimentation value, protein content and yield of 15 wheat varieties were analyzed. The results showed that the starch gelatinization characteristics, starch freeze-thaw stability and starch content of wheat varieties were quite different among different varieties. Among them, the gelatinization characteristics of Ningmai No.9 and Emai 006 were better than those of other varieties to a certain extent, the starch freeze-thaw stability of these two varieties was also good, and the starch content was also high. There were significant differences in the precipitation values among different wheat varieties, and the starch precipitation values of Xiangmai 55 and Jingmai 102 were high, with values of 10.67 mL and 8.00 mL, respectively. In addition, among the 15 varieties, Jingmai 102, Emai 596 and Luomai 6010 ranked the top three in yield, and Ningmai No.9 and Emai 006 were ranked middle in yield. In summary, Jingmai 102, Emai 596 and Luomai 6010 could obtain high yields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, while Ningmai No.9 and Emai 006 planted in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had excellent starch quality, so these varieties could become excellent varieties for subsequent promotion.

The characteristics of promoting plant growth of salt-tolerant endophytic bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai isolated from mangrove were determined, and the effects of its colonization into mung bean [Vigna radiata （Linn.） Wilczek] under salt stress were studied. The results showed that the highest NaCl tolerant concentration of B. aryabhattai was 110 g/L, the highest pH tolerant value was 10.0, the IAA production capacity was （154.474±1.526） μg/mL, the ACC deaminase activity was （0.125 6±0.051 2） U/mg, and the capacities of dissolving organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus were 1.89±0.03 and 2.27±0.01, respectively. Two genes, appA and phoD, were amplified in the genomic DNA, which was the molecular mechanism of the phosphorus-solubilizing ability of the bacteria. The colonization rates of B. aryabhattai in roots, stems and leaves were 68.27%, 63.48% and 50.00%, respectively. The chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity of mung bean seedlings in the colonization group were higher than those in the control group, indicating that the colonization of B. aryabhattai contributed to the improvement of the antioxidant capacity of mung bean seedlings, thus effectively increasing the salt tolerance of mung bean.

The production technology involved using microbial protectant to encapsulate microbial agents and then incorporating them into high nutrient content compound fertilizers, resulting in compound formula fertilizer with high active microorganisms and high nutrient content. Field experiments were conducted to assess their effects on the growth, nutrient absorption and quality of pepper（Capsicum annuum L.） and tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）. The results indicated that after granulation under the condition of 40% nutrient content, the viable microorganism count could reach 7.21× 10⁹ CFU/g, and the survival rate after six months of storage was 91.67%. The compound formula fertilizer with high active microorganisms and high nutrient content significantly promoted vegetable growth and improved both fruit quality and yield. Compared to vegetable specific formula fertilizer and conventional fertilization, the application of the compound formula fertilizer with high active microorganisms and high nutrient content increased pepper yields by 8.09% and 14.14%, and tomato yields by 11.00% and 14.44%, respectively. In conclusion, the compound formula fertilizer with high active microorganisms and high nutrient content added protectant effectively enhanced vegetable fruit quality, boosted production and income, and improved the economic benefits for farmers.

The distribution changes of soil pH, organic matter content and heavy metal pollutants in paddy fields and dry fields under the paddy-upland rotation were studied. The results showed that the pH and organic matter content in paddy fields were generally higher than those in dry fields, accounting for 85.7% and 76.2% respectively. The contents of heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn were higher in dry fields than in paddy fields, accounting for 61.9%, 88.1%, 64.3%, 76.2% and 69.0%, respectively. Only Cr content was higher in paddy fields than in dry fields, accounting for 71.4%. Compared with dry fields, the soil pH median value in paddy fields had increased by 0.55, with an increase of 8.0%, the soil organic matter median content in paddy fields had increased by 9.6 g/kg, with an increase of 35.6%, and the median content of As, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in paddy fields had decreased respectively 8.2%, 9.2%, 11.7%, 7.8% and 4.8%, while Cr median content increased by 14.3%.

To study the effect of bag-controlled slow-release iron fertilizer on improving iron deficiency and yellowing of pear trees, the fertilizer was packaged with ferrous sulfate and citric acid, and 6-BA was added into the fertilizer bag. Three treatments of bag-controlled slow-release iron fertilizer （HF）, spread iron fertilizer （SF） and no iron fertilizer （CK） were set up. The growth status of fine roots, leaf SPAD value and leaf active Fe content of pear trees were analyzed. The results showed that the length, volume and surface area of fine roots treated with HF were the highest, and the root length and root volume were significantly higher than those of SF and CK treatments （P<0.05）. The number of fine roots in HF and SF treatments was significantly higher than that in CK treatment during the growing season （P<0.05）. The fertilizer effect of HF treatment was slow and stable, which maintained a certain root biomass and prolonged the browning time of pear roots. Among them, the root browning time of HF treatment was the longest, reaching 54 days, followed by SF treatment for 43 days and CK treatment for 25 days, and there were significant differences among treatments （P<0.05）. In addition, HF treatment significantly increased root activity（P<0.05）. The SPAD values of HF treatment measured in July and August were significantly higher than those of SF and CK treatments （P<0.05）. In August, the active iron content of each treatment was significantly different （P<0.05）, and the active iron content of HF treatment was the highest, which was 27.36 mg/kg. The bag-controlled slow-release iron fertilizer effectively improved the utilization rate of iron in pear trees.

In order to identify the river health status and explore the possible causes of river damage, the Xiangxi River, the first largest tributary of the dam head in the Three Gorges Reservoir, was taken as the research object. Considering the distribution characteristics of human activities and natural attributes in the basin, the Xiangxi River was divided into four evaluation river sections. Based on the hierarchical correlation index system, the fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method was used to study the health status of Xiangxi River. The results showed that when constructing the evaluation index system, priority should be given to the relevant indicators that maintained the ecological function of the river itself. The overall health status of Xiangxi River was very healthy, but the difference between the calculation indexes of the fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method reflected the heterogeneity of the evaluation results of different river sections. On the whole, this method could better evaluate the health level of rivers and identify key factors.

Based on the relevant data of fertilizer application in the counties （cities and districts） of Shanxi Province from 2010 to 2020, the spatial auto-correlation analysis, Theil index and spatial econometric model were used to explore and analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of fertilizer application, regional differences and driving factors of fertilizer application intensity in Shanxi Province from a multidimensional perspective. The results showed that the amount of chemical fertilizer applied in Shanxi Province showed an “N” type temporal change and showed concentration characteristics spatially. To be specific, the statistically high value of the chemical fertilizer applied amount was in 2013 and the low value was in 2019. The hot spots were concentrated in southern Shanxi, and the cold spots were concentrated in the Luliang Mountain Area. There was an obvious spatial imbalance. The fertilizer application amount in southern Shanxi, Xinding Basin and Datong Basin was significantly higher than that in other regions. The fertilizer application intensity in Shanxi Province showed the phenomenon of “low in the north, high in the south, increasing year by year”, with the main reason for the intensity difference being intra-regional differences. To be specific, the fertilizer application intensity in northern Shanxi was the lowest, followed by that in central Shanxi, while that in southern Shanxi was the highest, and it was in a time trend of steady growth year by year. Theil index results showed that intra-regional differences were the main cause of the total regional differences, and the total differences fluctuated, reaching the highest value in 2018. The spatial variation characteristics of fertilizer application intensity and amount at the county level were basically consistent. Among the main influencing factors of the fertilizer application intensity in Shanxi Province, the per capita cultivated land area, agricultural planting structure and agricultural labor transfer had a significant negative impact on the fertilizer application intensity, while the population had a positive impact, and the per capita income of rural residents and agricultural technology progress had no significant impact.

The gravity shift model, spatial auto-correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression model were used to study the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of “non-grain” cultivated land in Hubei Province from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the non-grain rate of cultivated land in Hubei Province showed a certain fluctuation and was generally stable. In terms of space, “non-grain” had evolved from “high in the middle and east, low in the west” to a spatial pattern of “high in the east and west, low in the middle”. The center of gravity of “non-grain” was moving westward as a whole. The degree of “non-grain” had a significant global spatial auto-correlation, and the local auto-correlation showed the characteristics of a high-high concentration centered on Wuhan City and a low-low concentration transferring from the west to the middle over time. Among the influencing factors, climate potential productivity index, soil pH and the average amount of agricultural diesel used per land were negatively correlated with non-grain production, while the difference in disposable income between urban and rural residents and land productivity were positively correlated with non-grain production. The size of the impact had strong spatial heterogeneity.

The species, release characteristics, ecological functions and applications of herbivore induced plant volatiles（HIPVs） were reviewed in detail, and the future research focus was prospected from three aspects： The use of HIPVs for pest control, the exploration of the regulatory role of HIPVs in the nutritive relationship among plants, pests and natural enemies, and the application of genetic engineering technology for modification, to make people better understand the research status and application prospect of pest induced volatiles, and develop more pest control methods.

The pathogenic fungi of the black spot of Brassica pekinensis in Shiyan City, Hubei Province were identified and analyzed, and the corresponding preventive measures were proposed. The pathogenic fungi were isolated from diseased leaves by tissue separation and identified by rDNA ITS and Alt-α 1 gene sequence alignment. The results showed that a new Alternaria sp. fungus was found, which was presumed to be the pathogenic fungus causing the local cabbage black spot disease in Shiyan City. In addition, it was confirmed that the joint analysis of ITS sequence and Alt-α 1 gene sequence could distinguish three common Alternaria fungi： Alternaria Brassicola, Alternaria japonica and Alternaria brassicae.

In order to explore the most suitable soaking and germination conditions for the development of embryonic roots in hydroponic peanut sprouts, different gradients of temperature, soaking time and germination time combinations were set, peanut seeds were cultured, and the development of embryonic roots was recorded. The results showed that when the temperature was set at 25~27 ℃, the soaking time was 3~4 hours, and the germination was accelerated for 32~36 hours, the development of peanut bud and embryonic roots was better, and it was most suitable for peanut bud growth on the plug tray, resulting in the highest yield of harvested peanut buds.

In order to improve the proportion of high-quality tobacco leaves and the industrial availability of tobacco raw materials, Yunyan 87 was studied in Guangyuan tobacco-growing area of Sichuan Province, and two factors of planting density and number of leaves were used to design a randomized block experiment, aiming to clarify the effects of different planting density and the number of leaves on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that when the planting density of flue-cured tobacco was increased appropriately and the number of leaves was decreased, flue-cured tobacco could achieve normal growth and development, and compared with other treatments, flue-cured tobacco had significant advantages in leaf development; under medium and low density and medium and low number of leaves, the photosynthetic capacity of tobacco leaves was stronger; under M₂ density and L₂ leaves, flue-cured tobacco achieved better performance in average price, and the proportion of medium and high-grade tobacco, and the output value was the highest. In addition, the appropriate increase in density and decrease in the number of leaves left reduced the nicotine content of leaves after roasting, increased the content of reducing sugar, total sugar and sugar-base ratio, and the chemical composition was more coordinated, which had a significant advantage in tobacco quality evaluation. According to comprehensive analysis, the tobacco quality in Guangyuan tobacco growing area, Sichuan Province was better when the planting density was 18 750 plants/hm² and the number of leaves left was 16~18 leaves per plant.

Based on the climatic characteristics of Danjiangkou City, Hubei Province, chuxue 26（CX-026） was taken as the research material, the agronomic traits and internal physiological indexes of the middle and upper tobacco leaves harvested at different growth periods （59~101 d after transplanting） were analyzed, and the changing rules of tobacco maturity were explored to clarify the optimal harvesting time. The results of agronomic character analysis showed that with the delay of harvesting time, the middle and upper tobacco leaves gradually became longer and wider, and the identity became thicker to a constant level; the color of the leaves changed from green to dark, and then yellow-brown markings appeared; the angle between the stem and leaf increased, and the tensile force decreased, which indicated that the maturity of the leaves was gradually improved. The analysis of physiological indexes showed that the pigment indexes （SPAD, chlorophyll a, etc.） and photosynthetic characteristics （net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, etc.） decreased with the growth, which led to an increase in the color value of tobacco leaves （LAB）. The entropy weight analysis revealed the important role of photosynthetic indexes and pigment indexes in the evaluation of tobacco maturity, which not only had high weight, but also had a significant correlation, providing a key reference for the identification of tobacco maturity. According to the analysis results of photosynthetic indexes and pigment indexes, the changes of the middle leaves tended to be stable at 66~73 days after transplanting, and the upper leaves tended to be stable at 87~94 days after transplanting, indicating that the maturity stage might be at this time, which could be selected as the appropriate time for harvesting.

Based on the observation of the head inflorescence morphology and ovary cytology of Zinnia elegans S5, the applicability of the transformation technology of Zinnia elegans was explored by using different ratios of Agrobacterium suspension, vacuum treatment method and non-tissue culture inflorescence infection method during the development of the head inflorescence. The results showed that the external morphology and cytological observation of S5 inflorescence development found that the carpels of small flower bud 7 and later development stages were in an open state. The bud 3 capitate inflorescence was treated with the Agrobacterium suspension of 1/2 MS + 0.03% Silwet L-77 + 10% sucrose + 0.01 mg/L 6-BA （OD_{600 nm}=0.4）, the obtaining 0.35% conversion rate. The vacuum intermittent treatment was beneficial to the improvement of the conversion rate. The better treatment combination was vacuum intermittent 2 min + 30 s treatment bud 5 to bud 7 capitulum. The conversion rate of small bud 7 to bud 9 could reach 3.23%~5.00%.

Taking four varieties of wolfberries Ningqi No. 1（N1）, Ningqi No. 7（N7）, Ningnongqi No. 15（7-8）, Keqi6082（14-02） from Luhuatai Garden Farm in Yinchuan City of Ningxia, Siying in Haiyuan County of Ningxia and Nuomuhong Farm in Qinghai as test materials, the differences in external quality （average single fruit weight, transverse and longitudinal diameters, fruit shape index） and intrinsic quality （total sugar, polysaccharide, betaine, carotenoids） were analyzed and compared, and a comprehensive evaluation model was established by principal component analysis for comprehensive quality evaluation. The results showed that there were significant differences in the quality of wolfberries in different strains in different production areas. The synthesis of seven quality traits into three principal component factors could reflect the original data information of 84.807% of the quality of wolfberries. The results of the comprehensive evaluation of principal components showed that the fruit quality of 14-02 and 7-8 in Qinghai as well as 14-02 in Haiyuan County, Ningxia was good. The principal component analysis method could comprehensively evaluate the quality of each strain of wolfberry, provide data reference for the subsequent quality evaluation research of wolfberry fruit in different production areas and strains, and also provide theoretical guidance for the selection of wolfberry production area.

The quality characters of dry matter content, soluble protein content and nitrate content of bitter gourd（Momordica charantia L.） were studied and their genetic mechanism was analyzed. With the female line Z-1-4 as the maternal parent and the high quality inbred lines 2538, 5325 and 5321 as the paternity, the genetic population of 4 generations [P₁（parental）, P₂, F₁, F₂] of 3 combinations was constructed. The genetic and correlation analysis of dry matter content, soluble protein content and nitrate content of bitter gourd was carried out by combining the mixed genetic model of major gene and polygene. The results showed that the optimal genetic model for dry matter content of commercial bitter gourd was the equal additive major gene additive + polygene model, and the heritability was high. The optimal genetic model for soluble protein content in commercial bitter gourd was the negative completely dominant major gene + additive-dominant polygene model with low heritability, which was suitable for genetic selection in early generations. The optimal genetic model for nitrate content in commercial bitter gourd was 2 pairs of additive-dominant major gene + additive-dominant polygene model, and the heritability was also low. The heritability of soluble protein and nitrate was relatively low, which was suitable for phenotypic selection in high generation.

To explore the genetic diversity of local apricot variety resources in Hubei Province, 24 local apricot varieties materials were taken as test materials, and SSR molecular markers combined with fluorescence capillary electrophoresis technology were used for the study. The results showed that 14 pairs of primers from apricots, peaches, almonds, and cherries amplified a total of 162 polymorphic effective allele loci, with an average of 11.571 alleles per locus. The total number of effective alleles was 90.312, with an average of 6.451 effective alleles per locus. The average values of observed heterozygosity （Ho）, expected heterozygosity （He）, and Shannon's information index （I） were 0.652, 0.813, and 2.031, respectively. The average value of polymorphic information content （PIC） was 0.794, indicating that the primers for the selected related species had high universality and rich polymorphism. At a similarity coefficient of 0.580, 24 varieties were divided into three large groups. The first group was independently composed of Hongping apricot, the second group consisted of four varieties including Langmei and Xingmei et al, and the third group consisted of 19 varieties including rice apricot and Wuzu apricot. It could be seen that local apricot varieties in Hubei Province had rich genetic diversity, and SSR specific primers could effectively identify Hubei local apricot varieties.

In order to explore the effects of different planting environments on the physiological characteristics of Sauropus androgynus （L.） Merr. , and to evaluate its shade tolerance, the 3-year-old cutting seedlings of Sauropus androgynus were planted in three environments： Outdoor （100% light intensity）, underwood （65% light intensity） and greenhouse （30% light intensity） planting. The photosynthetic pigment content, instantaneous photosynthetic characteristics and osmotic adjustment substance content of Sauropus androgynus leaves under different environments were determined. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll （a+b） of Sauropus androgynus in underwood and greenhouse planting were significantly higher than those of outdoor planting; with the increase of shading degree, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased first and then decreased, and reached the highest in underwood planting, while stomata conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration and transpiration rate showed outdoor planting > underwood planting > greenhouse planting, and gradually decreased with the increase of shading degree. The content of soluble sugar and soluble protein increased first and then decreased with the increase of shading degree, and reached the maximum in underwood planting; the contents of free proline and MDA decreased with the increase of shading degree, and reached the maximum in outdoor planting. The results of membership degree analysis showed that the photosynthetic and physiological status of Sauropus androgynus plants was the best in underwood planting, and the too strong or too weak light environment was not suitable for their growth.

According to the ramie[Boehmeria nivea （L.） Gaudich.] variety requirements of light environmental protection packaging materials, in 2021— 2022, the investigation of agronomic traits, fiber count determination and resistance identification of 8 ramie varieties approved in China were carried out. The ramie varieties with more than medium resistance, more than 2 000 Nm fiber fineness and fiber yield of more than 3 750 kg/hm² were selected. Based on the comprehensive analysis of resistance, yield and fiber count, three ramie varieties suitable for environmental protection packaging, Zhongzhu No. 1, Ganzhu No. 6 and Huazhu No. 6 were selected from 8 varieties.

To explore the feasibility of three-dimensional cultivation of Morchella spp. -Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo in plastic greenhouses in Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, the pH, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, electric conductivity（EC） and total dissolved solids （TDS） of surface soil in mycelial growth stage （M1）, fruity growth stage （M2） and harvesting stage （M3） of Morchella spp. were measured. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the pH and available potassium contents of surface soil in experimental groups decreased at different periods during the growth of Morchella spp., while the contents of available phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, EC, TDS and organic matter increased significantly, and the yield reached （1 950±180） kg/hm².

Based on the production demand of Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.）DC. seeds and seedlings in Shiyan City, a study was conducted on the effects of different foliar fertilizers on the biomass and dry rhizome atractylodin content of one-year Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.）DC. seeds and seedlings. The results showed that different foliar fertilizers didn’t promote the growth of one-year Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.）DC. seedlings, and had no significant effect on the length and quantity of fibrous roots. They reduced the fresh and dry weight of underground rhizomes and relatively increased the proportion of dry weight, but significantly increased the content of atractylodin in the rhizomes of one-year Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.）DC. seedlings. In addition, although using urea as foliar fertilizer could improve the leaf growth of one-year Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.）DC. seedlings, using potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium nitrate as foliar fertilizer was beneficial for increasing the accumulation of atractylodin and improving the quality of one-year Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.）DC. seedlings, which was more conducive to field production and application.

In order to analyze the age and growth of Leuciscus chuanchicus, 271 samples were caught in the sections of Gansu and Ningxia of the main stream of the Yellow River in July-August 2022 and March 2023. The von Bertalanffy Growth Equation （VBGF）, Logistic GF, Gompertz growth equation （Gompertz GF） and Power exponential growth equation （Power exponential GF） were used to simulate the growth of L.chuanchicus. Model parameters were calculated by the maximum likelihood method, the most suitable model was selected by the Akaike information criterion （AIC）. The results showed that the samples of L.chuanchicus were divided into five age groups, of which 3 years old group had the largest sample size, accounting for 46.13%, and there was no significant difference in growth between male and female individuals. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was the optimal growth equation for L.chuanchicus, followed by the Gompertz, Logistic GF growth equations. The VBGF growth equation for L.chuanchicus was：Lt=46.992×1-e-0.274×ti-0.333. The age of the inflection point in the growth acceleration curve was 4.626 years, and the corresponding total length and body weight were 32.50 cm and 318.80 g respectively.

To investigate the effects of dietary peony seed shell on fish oxidation resistance and nonspecific immunity, yellow catfish were fed with 1% or 5% peony seed shell （commercial feed containing 1% or 5% peony seed shell） for 3 weeks. Meanwhile, fish fed with commercial feed only were used as the blank control group, and fish fed with 1% or 5% peony seed oil were used as positive control group. The results showed that, compared with blank control group, the activity of superoxide dismutase （P<0.001） and the content of complement C3 （P<0.05） in serum of fish fed with 1% peony seed shell increased significantly. Liver superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were higher than those of the blank control group （P<0.001）, and liver malondialdehyde content decreased significantly （P<0.001）. Liver histomorphology of yellow catfish was normal and intact in both the blank control group and 1% peony seed shell group, and there was no obvious difference between the two groups. Peony seed shell had a dose-dependent positive effect on promoting the antioxidant capacity and nonspecific immunity in yellow catfish, all the test indexes in the 5% peony seed shell group showed a remarkably better change. Compared with blank control group, serum superoxide dismutase, liver superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in 5% peony seed shell group increased by 100% （P<0.001）, 245% （P<0.001） and 176% （P<0.001）, respectively. Serum lysozyme activity and complement C3 content increased by 36% （P<0.001） and 33% （P<0.01）, respectively. In both dose groups, peony seed shell showed similar positive effects on yellow catfish compared to peony seed oil, the suitable addition amount was 1%~5%.

The single factor experiments were conducted with the addition of gelatin, Polygonatum sibiricum pulp, white granulated sugar and malic acid-citric acid ratio. The processing parameters of Polygonatum sibiricum soft candy were determined by sensory evaluation. Based on the single factor experiments, Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to design 17 groups of treatments with three factors and three levels to optimize the processing technology of Polygonatum sibiricum soft candy. The results showed that the optimum preparation condition of Polygonatum sibiricum soft candy was as follows： the addition of gelatin was 3.00%, Polygonatum sibiricum pulp was 30.00%, white granulated sugar was 15.00% and malic acid-citric acid ratio was 1∶ 2. Under this condition, the highest sensory score was 86.69 points, which was close to the theoretical value. The Polygonatum sibiricum soft candy prepared under the process formula had a unique Polygonatum sibiricum flavor, moderately sour and sweet taste, golden and bright color, good elasticity and chewability, and retained more nutritional value of Polygonatum sibiricum, providing a new idea for the development of functional soft candy of Polygonatum sibiricum.

In order to further screen and cultivate excellent varieties and germplasm of special wheat for jiuqu production, six varieties of special wheat for jiuqu production, such as Quanmai 725, Wankenmai 9, Yannong 999, Longke 1109, Huacheng 1688 and Fanmai 5, which were widely used in liquor enterprises, and four non-jiuqu wheat varieties, such as Gushen 19, Vormai 19, Vormai 303 and Wanshu 21, were selected to determine the physicochemical properties of protein and starch, gluten properties and flour parameters, and analyze the common characteristics of flour and rheological properties of dough. The results showed that the total starch content of jiuqu-making wheat was more than 59%, the content of amylopectin was more than 65% and the content of amylose was less than 30%. In the starch gelatinization characteristics, the peak viscosity of jiuqu-making wheat was greater than 2 500 mPa·s, the trough viscosity was greater than 2 000 mPa·s, the breakdown value was greater than 400 mPa·s, the final viscosity was greater than 1 600 mPa·s, and the rebound value was greater than 1 300 mPa·s; the gluten content of jiuqu-making wheat was less than 4.00%, the wet gluten content was less than 30%, the gluten index was less than 80%, and the water absorption was less than 65%.

Taking the relative density of clear paste, the ratio of clear paste and thinner, and the ratio of soluble starch and dextrin as the investigation factors, the L₉（3⁴） orthogonal test method was used to screen the best molding process Compound Fuling Shanyao Granules. The molding rate, moisture and resting angle were selected as indexes, and the best molding process was evaluated with the entropy weight TOPSIS method. The TLC method was used to identify Poria cocos, Chinese yam, Semen Coicis and Crataegus pinnatifida. The results showed that the TOPSIS model ranking results basically agreed with the optimal results obtained by the orthogonal test, indicating that the established model was successful. The TLC spots were clear, with good separation and no negative interference. The evaluation index of the entropy weight TOPSIS model was clearly defined, which was a practical, rapid and effective comprehensive evaluation method for the multi-objective decision analysis of selecting the best molding process of Compound Fuling Shanyao Granules. The TLC identification method was feasible, accurate and effective, which could be used for the quality control of Compound Fuling Shanyao Granules. This experiment could provide a basis for the follow-up study of this prescription.

To investigate the changes in allicin content in various organs of garlic （Allium sativum L.） during the seedling, germination, differentiation, and expansion stages under different cultivation methods,two types of garlic were used as materials for soil and hydroponic experiments, respectively,and the HPLC method was used to determine the allicin content in roots, bulbs, and leaves of garlic plants under two different cultivation methods. The results showed that during the emergence, germination, and differentiation stages, the allicin content in the roots of both garlic plants under soil cultivation showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while under hydroponic cultivation, the allicin content in the roots of both garlic plants remained basically unchanged; under soil cultivation, the allicin content in the bulbs of two garlic plants showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while under hydroponic cultivation, the allicin content in the bulbs of two garlic plants showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing; under soil cultivation, the allicin content in the leaves of both garlic plants showed a decreasing trend, while under hydroponic cultivation, the allicin content in the leaves of both garlic plants showed an increasing trend. In summary, there were differences in the changes of allicin content in various organs of garlic plants at different growth stages under two cultivation methods,during the germination and differentiation stages, the allicin content in different tissues of two types of garlic grown in hydroponics was higher than that grown in soil,and during the emergence, germination, and differentiation stages, the allicin content in the leaves of both garlic plants was higher than that in other organs under hydroponic conditions.

In order to explore the quality characteristics of tobacco leaves in Jiangxi Province, statistical methods such as analysis of variance and interval estimation were used to analyze the differences and coordination of 11 chemical indicators in the upper, middle, and lower parts of tobacco leaves with different sensory quality grades （Class A, Class B, Class C） in Jiangxi Province. On this basis, this study constructed support vector machine （SVM） models and random forest （RF） models for predicting the sensory quality classification of tobacco leaves. The results showed that Class C tobacco leaves in the upper, middle, and lower parts had 7, 6, and 6 chemical indicators higher than Class A and Class B, respectively. Class B tobacco leaves in the upper, middle, and lower parts had 3, 3, and 2 chemical indicators higher than Class A and Class C, respectively, while Class A tobacco leaves in the upper, middle, and lower parts had 0, 2, and 3 chemical indicators higher than Class B and Class C, respectively; from the perspective of interval length, class C tobacco leaves in the upper, middle, and lower parts had 9, 9, and 7 chemical indicators higher than Class A and Class B, respectively. Class B tobacco leaves in the upper, middle, and lower parts had 1, 0, and 3 chemical indicators higher than Class A and Class C, respectively, while Class A tobacco leaves in the upper, middle, and lower parts had 1, 2, and 1 chemical indicators higher than Class B and Class C, respectively. The coordination of chemical components in Class C tobacco leaves was much worse than that in Class A and Class B, which might be an important reason for the deterioration of sensory quality. The weighted average of accuracy, recall, and F1 score for both SVM and RF models exceeded 84%, and the SVM model had slightly higher three indicators than the RF model. There were significant differences in the chemical index characteristics of Class C tobacco leaves compared to Class A and Class B, while the differences between Class A and Class B were relatively small; the SVM model had better classification performance for Class A and B tobacco samples than the RF model, while the RF model had better recognition performance for Class C than the SVM model.

Using 53 C3F grade middle tobacco leaves from major tobacco producing areas in China as samples, the relationship among tar contents, chemical composition, and smoke quality was analyzed. The results showed that there were 27, 18, and 8 samples of low, medium, and high tar tobacco, respectively. The average tar contents of low, medium, and high tar tobacco samples were 10.41, 11.82, and 13.29 mg/cig, respectively. Comparing the chemical composition of high, medium, and low tar tobacco leaves, high tar tobacco leaves had higher levels of reducing sugar and total sugar content, medium tar tobacco leaves had higher levels of total alkaloids and total nitrogen content, and low tar tobacco leaves had higher levels of K and chlorine content. For smoke quality, as the tar contents of tobacco leaves increased, the buff number, total particulate matter, carbon monoxide release, and nicotine content all showed an increasing trend, while the moisture content showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The total particulate matter in low tar tobacco leaves was significantly positively correlated with total plant alkaloids and total nitrogen, while moisture and total plant alkaloids were significantly positively correlated. Tar and total nitrogen were significantly positively correlated; there was a highly significant negative correlation between carbon monoxide, nicotine, and K in tobacco leaves with medium tar content, a highly significant positive correlation between moisture and total plant alkaloids, and a significant negative correlation between moisture and total sugar; there was a significant positive correlation between moisture and total plant alkaloids in high tar tobacco leaves.

To explore the effects of CsLOX6 gene and CsHPL2 gene on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and its resistance to drought and salt stress, wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana （WT）, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana （OE-CsLOX6, OE-CsHPL2）, and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana （TB-Atlox5） were used as materials, and the drought and salt tolerance of the four Arabidopsis thaliana species were evaluated through phenotype observation, transcriptome, and metabolomics analysis. The results showed that the aboveground fresh weight and root length of OE-CsLOX6 were significantly higher than those of other genotypes, and the underground fresh weight was significantly higher than that of other genotypes; the aboveground fresh weight, underground fresh weight, and root length of OE-CsHPL2 plants were significantly lower than those of other genotypes. There were significant differences in the metabolite content between OE-CsLOX6, OE-CsHPL2, and WT. OE-CsLOX6 and WT had 64 differential metabolites, of which 6 were upregulated and 58 were downregulated; OE-CsHPL2 and WT had 63 differential metabolites, of which 9 were upregulated and 54 were downregulated. Overexpression of CsLOX6 gene and CsHPL2 gene could enhance the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to salt stress and drought stress. Under salt stress and drought stress, compared with wild-type plants, the malondialdehyde content of OE-CsLOX6 and OE-CsHPL2 was significantly lower, and the degree of membrane peroxidation was lower,the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes were significantly higher than those of the wild type, which improved the antioxidant capacity of the plants and resulted in significantly better leaf growth compared to the wild type plants.

Based on a grounded analysis of the news report from “Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology News”, a mechanism model for helping farmers increase their income and become prosperous was constructed. Through the coordinated efforts of the government, society, and the market, a favorable external environment was constructed from the aspects of policy networks, organizational operations, technological innovation, and market optimization. This environment aimed to stimulate farmers’ inner consciousness and promote their income increase, ultimately realizing the sustainable development of the rural economy.

The DEA-BCC model was used to analyze the transformation data of scientific and technological achievements in Shaanxi Province from 2018 to 2023, and to explore the change situation of the transformation efficiency of rural scientific and technological achievements in Shaanxi Province. The results showed that the transformation of rural scientific and technological achievements in Shaanxi province increased year by year, with a year-on-year increase of 418 scientific and technological achievements transactions, and the investment in scientific and technological transformation decreased by 410 million yuan. The transformation of rural scientific and technological achievements and related strategies, scientific and technological achievements management and other factors had more significant effects on the improvement of rural scientific and technological achievements transformation rate in Shaanxi Province. Exploring the improvement of the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements in Shaanxi Province could promote the rural transformation and upgrading of Shaanxi Province and accelerate the process of rural construction, which had important practical significance for the rural modernization transformation of Shaanxi Province.

The SWOT-AHP model framework was used to analyze the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats of high-quality development of the wellness tourism industry in Ankang City by obtaining data through questionnaire surveys and field research, and the weights of each indicator’s importance were assigned. The results showed that the wellness tourism industry in Ankang City was a strength-based industry, and that a positive and pioneering strategy should be adopted for its high-quality development. It was proposed that a development mechanism of “government-led, market-oriented, departmental coordination, and internal and external cooperation” should be adopted during the initial stage. This would ensure comprehensive planning and resource integration to achieve the integrated development of the regional wellness tourism industry under full-tourism construction. In the high-quality stage of industrial development, technological innovation should promote industrial integration, thus constructing the regional wellness tourism industry chain and industrial system to realize the characteristic, agglomeration and moderate scale development of regional wellness tourism.

On the basis of summarizing the general situation of China’s encounter with technical barriers to trade, the principle of economics was used to analyze the mechanism of the quantitative and price inhibition effects of technical barriers to trade, and the regression model was used to verify that the establishment of technical barriers to trade would have a certain impact on the agricultural export trade. The study found that when nine countries and one region increased the number of TBT/SPS applications to the WTO by one percentage point, China’s agricultural product exports would decrease by 0.355 2 percentage points. Finally, relevant policy recommendations were put forward to ensure the smooth development of China’s agricultural product enterprises.

Based on the SBM-Malmquist index method, the agricultural green total factor productivity and its decomposition indexes in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2021 was measured and the ESDA model was used to analyze its spatial distribution characteristics. The results showed that the agricultural green total factor productivity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yellow River Basin showed an overall upward trend, and the regional differences gradually narrowed. The agricultural green total factor productivity of the eastern provinces grew faster. There were different degrees of slack in agricultural input and output indicators, especially in labor input and mechanical power input. Insufficient output was not the main reason for low agricultural green total factor productivity of some provinces. Spatial correlation was not significant, and there was no obvious agglomeration or dispersion pattern. Although the center of gravity had migrated locally, it was generally relatively stable. The focus of agricultural green total factor productivity in the Yellow River Basin had gradually shifted from the middle reaches to the upper and lower reaches, and the focus of agricultural green total factor productivity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt had gradually shifted downstream.

Aiming at the main supplier of enterprises, taking 11 townships in 4 prefectures and cities of Xinjiang as the main research area, the supply obstacle factors of agro-ecological products were analyzed by means of questionnaire survey and Logistic regression model. The results showed that the degree of in-depth development of agro-ecological products, the awareness of quality and safety of enterprises, product brand management and maintenance, the development degree of sales market, the level of consumer consumption, the cognition degree of consumers of agro-ecological products and the government policy support for enterprises had a significant positive impact on the supply of agro-ecological products, and the production cost of agro-ecological products and the production technology were inversely proportional to the supply willingness of enterprises. Finally, the countermeasures and suggestions of improving the relevant policies of agro-ecological products, improving the marketing system of agro-ecological products, strengthening the brand construction of agro-ecological products, and expanding the publicity of agro-ecological products were put forward.

Based on the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database （UN Comtrade） data from 2000 to 2020, this study used Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimation （PPML） to analyze the influencing factors of China’s grape exports to the countries along “the Belt and Road” by building an expanded gravity model, and calculated the export trade potential. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, China’s grape exports to countries along “the Belt and Road” were on the rise; the export concentration was high and most of them were Southeast Asian countries. The GDP of China, the GDP of the importing country, the population of the importing country, the landlocked status of the importing country, and the degree of market openness of the importing country had a significant positive impact on China’s grape exports, with the largest impact being the total population of the importing country; the average export price of grapes, grape production in importing countries, and the spatial distance between China and importing countries had a significant negative impact on China’s grape exports volume. Among them, the spatial distance between China and importing countries had the greatest impact. From the perspective of national trade potential, in 2020 grape exports, China’s trade relations with 20 countries were not close enough, and China had close trade relations with 5 countries; in terms of trade regions, China had close trade relations with Southeast Asia and enormous trade potential with Central Asia, West Asia, Northeast Asia, and South Asia.

Based on the strategic goal of high-quality development in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and considering the strategic position of the Yellow River Basin as an important ecological security barrier in northern China, this paper explored the spatial differences in high-quality economic development in the Yellow River Basin. This study constructed an indicator system for high-quality economic development in the Yellow River Basin, which covered economic growth capacity, innovation capacity, openness and sharing capacity, green development capacity, and coordinated development capacity,and conducted comprehensive evaluation and spatial autocorrelation analysis of each province through entropy method and Moran index method. The results showed that from 2011 to 2020, Shandong Province’s level of high-quality economic development continued to lead and remained stable, but there were differences in the high-quality economic development among provinces; through spatial analysis, it could be seen that the Yellow River Basin presented high-high agglomeration areas （Henan Province）, low-low agglomeration areas （Shaanxi Province, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, and Ningxia）, low-high agglomeration areas （Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province）, and high low agglomeration areas （Sichuan Province and Shandong Province）, indicating significant regional differences in the high-quality economic development of the Yellow River Basin.Suggestions were proposed from four aspects： increasing policy support, promoting industrial restructuring and upgrading, strengthening regional linkage and cooperation, and promoting green development, in order to narrow the regional development gap and achieve the goal of high-quality economic development in the Yellow River Basin.

Based on the survey data of 430 cooperative companies in Shandong Province, a structural equation model was constructed to analyze the impact of cooperative organizer competence and cooperative service efficiency on the comprehensive income of members.The empirical results indicated that the competence of the cooperative organizer had a significant positive impact on the effectiveness of cooperative services, and the effectiveness of cooperative services also had a positive impact on the comprehensive income of members.In the cooperative formed by non village collectives, the competence of the organizer had no significant impact on the comprehensive income of members, while in the cooperative formed by village collectives, the competence of the organizer had a significant positive impact on the comprehensive income of members; there was significant heterogeneity in the impact of organizer competence on the comprehensive income of members in the cooperative formed by village collectives and non village collectives. The mediating role of cooperative service efficiency was regulated by the trust of members. Members with higher trust in the organizer would actively cooperate with cooperative services to achieve higher economic benefits. The countermeasures and suggestions of strengthening the training and guidance of cooperative organizers, expanding the service scope and depth of cooperative throughout the entire production process, attaching importance to cultivating the trust of members, and promoting the construction of village collective led cooperative were put forward, in order to promote the sustainable development of cooperative and the growth of members’ economic interests.;

Taking Shaanxi Province as the research object, this study designed an economic compensation model for farmland protection based on the principles of constructing an economic compensation system. Using the perspectives of food security and ecological security, the surplus and deficit of farmland in each city （district） of Shaanxi Province in 2022 were calculated. On this basis, the various regions of Shaanxi Province would be divided into profit zones （i.e. compensation zones）, loss zones （i.e. payment zones）, and balance zones. The results showed that in terms of the surplus and deficit of grain cultivated land, the overall grain cultivated land in Shaanxi Province would be in a deficit state in 2022, with a total grain cultivated land deficit of 34.029× 10⁴ hm² in the province;Yulin City and Weinan City had a good surplus of grain cultivated land, with a surplus of 11.250× 10⁴ hm² and 0.758× 10⁴ hm² respectively, while Xi’an City had the most severe loss, with a deficit of 20.823× 10⁴ hm². From the perspective of ecological surplus and deficit of cultivated land, Shaanxi Province would generally be in a deficit state in 2022, with a total deficit of 42.751× 10⁴ hm². Among them, Yulin City and Yan’an City would be in a surplus state, with 33.314× 10⁴ hm² and 12.706× 10⁴ hm² respectively. Xi’an City would suffer the most severe deficit, with 22.701× 10⁴ hm². The ideal value of arable land development rights in Shaanxi Province in 2022 was 612.585 yuan/m², the ideal value of compensation standard was 12.993 yuan/m², and the actual value of compensation standard was 3.734 yuan/m². The implementation of the economic compensation system for farmland protection would help alleviate the pressure on farmland resources in Shaanxi Province, ensure food security and ecological security, promote the construction of agricultural ecological civilization and coordinate urban-rural development.

In order to break the dilemma of unbalanced and insufficient development of agricultural economy, an evaluation index system was constructed from five dimensions： agricultural economic efficiency, agricultural economic structure, agricultural economic coordination, agricultural economic sharing, and agricultural economic sustainable development to measure the level of agricultural economic development. The results showed that the higher level and lower level areas of agricultural economy in China were distributed on both sides of the Hu Huanyong line, and showed certain spatial agglomeration characteristics; the disparity of development level between regions was the main source of the disparity of agricultural economic development level in China. To eliminate the regional difference of agricultural economic development level, it was necessary to promote the regional coordinated development of agricultural economy and the high-quality development of agricultural economy.

With the implementation of the rural revitalization, the capital power developed rapidly in various forms in the rural society, and the traditional village community gradually declined. The study showed that the elements of village community such as common connection, cultural identity and public space had undergone drastic changes under the catalyst of market economy, and then a new village community had been built. The two mechanisms of production cohesion and spiritual cohesion of the new village community effectively maintained the organic nature of the community and formed the overall order and vitality of the community. The innovation of rural community governance mode was reflected in three aspects： integrating commercial elements into daily village management, shifting from the presence of production to the presence of governance and consultation and co-governance with diverse participation.