HUBEI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Breeding, characteristics and cultivation techniques of a new maize variety Damei No.5 with high yield, good quality and disease resistance

YU Chang-ping, ZHOU Hua-ping, YE Qing-song, WU Cheng-guo, XIAO Neng-wu, QIN Guang-ming, LI Yong-xue, WANG Zhi-yun, CHEN Qiang, LIU Yong-zhong

2024, 63(9): 1-5. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.001

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Damei No.5 is a new maize （Zea mays L.） variety bred by Shiyan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Huazhong Agricultural University using inbred lines HZ1711 as the female parent and Q4-2 as the male parent. The average yield of regional trials in 2021 and 2022 was 9 950.85 kg/hm²,which was 8.53% higher than that of the control variety Huayu 11, and had characteristics of high and stable yield, broad tolerance, good quality,high yield of seed production. It was approved by Hubei Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2022. The breeding process, characteristics, resistance, grain quality and yield performance of the maize variety were summarized, and the key points of cultivation and seed production technology were introduced to provide reference for the application and promotion of the variety.

The performance of growth traits and yield of peanut with high oleic acid content under different sowing methods

CAI Jin-lan, KANG Yan-ping, SUN Fu-shan, LI Yan-fan, WANG Wen-jian, WU Shan, WEI Jing, LI Xiong-cai

2024, 63(9): 6-9. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.002

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The effects of different sowing methods （single-seed sowing, double-seed sowing, single and double grain interseeding） on growth traits and yield were studied by using the method of plot test comparison among the peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） varieties （Zhonghua 215, Zhonghua 28, and Zhonghua 34） with high oleic acid content. The results demonstrated that different sowing methods had a certain effect on the growth traits and yield of the peanut with high oleic acid content. Single-seed sowing was more conducive to the growth and development of the peanut. Compared with the other two sowing methods, it could significantly increase the SPAD value of leaves, the number of pods per plant, the productivity per plant and the yield of dry pods. There was no significant difference in the yield of dried fruit between single and double grain interseeding and double-seed sowing. The economic benefit of single seed sowing was the highest, followed by single and double grain interseeding and double-seed sowing. Under the same sowing method, the yields and economic benefits of Zhonghua 215 were the highest, followed by Zhonghua 34, and Zhonghua 28 was the lowest.

Yield and quality performance of hybrid rice in Jianghan Plain under combined meteorological disasters

CHEN Long-zhou, LUO Hai-wei, YANG Qing-qing, HU Yu-ting, LIU Yang-xuan, LIU Yue, YAN Peng, MU Qi-lin, TIAN Xiao-hai

2024, 63(9): 10-14. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.003

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In 2020, a typical rice disaster year, continuous sunny and high temperature weather happened in the early and middle August, followed by a long period of low temperature plus sparse sunshine in the middle and late September in Hubei Province. Observing rice yield and quality parameters under such combined disasters was of great significance for the risk control in rice industry. Seven main varieties, including Quanyouhuazhan, Quanliangyouefengsimiao, Y Liangyou No.1, Jingliangyouhuazhan, Zhaoyou 6377, Y Liangyou 900 and Longliangyouhuazhan, were selected in this experiment. They were sowed in two stages and experienced high temperature （C1）, and low temperature and sparse sunlight （C2）. The changes of yield and quality related indexes with sowing date and weather conditions were measured. The results showed that the yield and quality of all varieties were affected to some extents under the conditions of high temperature, and low temperature and sparse sunlight, and different varieties were affected to different degrees. The yield of Quanyouhuazhan and Y Liangyou No.1 under C1 was significantly lower than that under C2, the yield of Y Liangyou 900 under C1 was significantly higher than that under C2 （P<0.05）, and there was no significant difference in other varieties between the two sowing treatments. As for the quality indexes, compared with C1, the quality indexes such as head rice rate, chalkiness degree and chalkiness rate of most varieties decreased significantly under the C2 sowing period. By comparing the yield and quality performance of related varieties under normal weather conditions, it was concluded that Quanliangyouefengsimiao, Jingliangyouhuazhan, Zhaoyou 6377 and Longliangyouhuazhan had good tolerance to high temperature, and low temperature and sparse sunlight. Quanhuayouzhan and Y Liangyou 900 were sensitive to both high temperature, and low temperature and sparse sunlight. Combined meteorological disasters had their own characteristics according to their types, and the harm of low temperature and sparse sunlight disasters might exceed the harm of high temperature heat damage.

Preliminary research on evaluation index system for comprehensive potential of natural resources in China

DING Shou-yi, JIA Qi-qi, LI Qing-jia, LIU Ze-jin

2024, 63(9): 15-21. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.004

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Taking into account the administrative management requirements for unified and classified natural resources, the development potential of land, forest, grassland, wetland and water resources was evaluated based on resource attributes, natural conditions and disaster risk. On this basis, a systematic, reasonable and objective evaluation index system for comprehensive potential of natural resources was constructed. Combining multiple statistical data and remote sensing data, the comprehensive potential of natural resources of Chinese provincial-level regions was evaluated, and potential zoning was conducted using the dominant factor method. The empirical results showed that the western region, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the northeast had high comprehensive potential of natural resources; and regions with low comprehensive potential of natural resources such as Beijing and Tianjin needed to leverage their economic development advantages. The evaluation index system for the comprehensive potential of natural resource proposed in this study was applicable to the evaluation of natural resource development potential in regions of different scales, and could effectively identify the types of superior natural resources in regions, which provided support for local natural resource management and optimization adjustment of main functional areas.

Enrichment characteristics of selenium and cadmium in farmland soil-rice system and their relationships in the Nandu River basin

SHEN Lin-li, LUO Song-ying, LIANG Zhi-peng, LIANG Xiao-qi, LIN Qian-ce

2024, 63(9): 22-27. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.005

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Selenium （Se） and Cadmium （Cd） contents in 80 samples of farmland topsoil and rice in the Nandu River basin were determined. The enrichment characteristics of Se and Cd in the soil-rice system were analyzed using bioenrichment coefficients, and the interrelationships among Se content, Cd content, pH value and organic carbon content of topsoil and rice were analyzed using Pearson coefficient analysis. The results showed that, the farmland soil of the study area met the standards for sufficient and rich selenium, and 40% of the rice samples met the Se rich rice standard. The Cd content in the soil did not exceed the national agricultural land pollution risk screening value （0.300 mg/kg）, and the Cd content in rice was less than the national food safety standard value （0.200 mg/kg）, indicating no Cd pollution in the study area. The Se content in the soil-rice system in the study area showed a normal distribution, with an obvious segmentation phenomenon. Cd content was strongly influenced by external interference and was unevenly distributed in space. Both Se and Cd elements were moderately enriched in rice, with rice having a stronger ability to enrich Cd than Se. The Se rich soil in the study area was closely related to the local acidic soil environment and high organic carbon content. In summary, the farmland soil Se resources in the Nandu River basin were abundant, and there was no phenomenon of “se-rice and cd-unpvlluted rice”. It could be developed and utilized to produce green Se rich agricultural products.

Characteristics and risk of nitrogen and phosphorus losses of typical rice-crayfish farming patterns in the Jianghan Plain

ZHANG Yi-jie, ZHUANG Yan-hua, ZHANG Qin-jing, ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Fu-lin

2024, 63(9): 28-34. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.006

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Houkou Twon, Qianjaing City, Hubei Province, a typical area of rice-shrimp integrated farming in Jianghan Plain, was selected as the study area to reveal the characteristics and risk of total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） losses in rice season under three typical patterns of rice monoculture （RM）, rice-crayfish coculture （RCC） and rice-crayfish symbiosis （RCS）. The results of the field in situ monitoring indicated that the surface water level in RCS was significantly higher than that of RM and RCC during the whole growth period （P<0.001）. Additionally, the average TN concentration was highest in the RCS [（4.44±6.61） mg/L], followed by RM [（3.23±5.54） mg/L] and RCC [（2.95±4.71） mg/L]; the average TP concentration was highest in RCC [（0.38±0.46） mg/L], followed by RCS [（0.37±0.42） mg/L] and RM [（0.22±0.26） mg/L]. TN loss loads of RCC and RCS were 1.39 and 1.19 times of RM, respectively; and the TP loss loads of RCC and RCS were 2.19, 10.16 times of RM. Overall, the loss loads of the rice-crayfish farming patterns were higher than those of the rice monoculture pattern. The critical periods for TN and TP loss in RM and RCC were the coupling period of the 1 week after fertilization and the rainfall, and the critical periods in RCS were during the drainage period for shrimp harvesting. In RM, the critical factors affecting the TN/TP loss were rainfall and fertilization; in RCC, the critical factors were rainfall, shrimp bait use and frequent anthropogenic drainage; in RCS, the water management with high surface water level and the anthropogenic drainage during the shrimp harvest were the critical factors.

Current status and trends of tobacco-planting soil nutrients in Hubei Province

ZHAO Shu-jun, ZHU Liu, ZHOU Jian-xiong, XU Da-bing, WANG Yi-wei, MA Jun-feng, TANG Da-peng

2024, 63(9): 35-41. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.007

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The chemical properties of 4 205 soil samples in the main tobacco-planting areas of Hubei Province in 2022 were analyzed, and compared with the data of tobacco-planting soils in 2011. The results showed that in 2022, the average pH of tobacco-planting soils in Hubei Province was 6.3, the organic matter content was 25.8 g/kg, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were 121.3 mg/kg, 56.70 mg/kg and 351 mg/kg, respectively. Compared to 2011, the tobacco-planting soil in 2022 had acidification trend, the organic matter content was generally stable, the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content generally showed a decreasing trend, and the available phosphorus and available potassium content increased. Therefore, in tobacco production, on the one hand, it is necessary to take measures to regulate soil acidity and alkalinity according to local conditions, and on the other hand, it is necessary to increase the application of organic fertilizer, promote measures such as “green manure dressing” and “deep ploughing” to improve the physicochemical properties of tobacco soils, and at the same time, adjust the ratio of special compound fertilizer for tobacco reasonably.

Growth characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings under soil moisture change in habitat

WANG Xiao-man, WANG Ze, REN Cai, ZHENG Han-han, SHI Ya-xin, WU Ming-zhe, TANG Ling, LI Shu-qi

2024, 63(9): 42-46. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.008

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Different water gradients were set up to analyze the changes of soil moisture content in different soil layers of the root zone and the growth of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings, and to explore the responses characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings at different stages and under different drought stresses. The results showed that the moisture content in 0~20 cm soil layer was less than that in 20~40 cm soil layer in the root zone of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings, and the skewness coefficient and kurtosis coefficient of soil moisture content at each stage in 0~20 cm soil layer were higher than those in 20~40 cm soil layer. The change of water content in each soil layer during the growth period of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings （June, August and October） conformed to normal distribution at the inspection level of 0.05. Under different drought stresses, the increase in various morphological indicators （plant height, crown area, basal diameter） of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings showed a decreasing trend with time. From June to August, the increase of plant height of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings showed mild drought treatment>moderate drought treatment>severe drought treatment>CK, the increase of crown area showed mild drought treatment>CK>moderate drought treatment>severe drought treatment, the increase of basal diameter showed CK>mild drought treatment>moderate drought treatment>severe drought treatment. From August to October, the increase of plant height, crown area, and basal diameter of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings all showed CK>mild drought treatment>moderate drought treatment>severe drought treatment. During the growth period, the soil moisture content of different soil depths of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings habitat was negatively correlation with the plant height, crown width and basal diameter, with correlation coefficients of -0.088, -0.506 and -0.711, respectively, and the correlation with basal diameter was significant （P<0.05）.

HPS bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased soil nutrient content in apple orchards, apple leaf nutrient content and fruit quality in Aksu region

WEI Zhi-bo, ZHOU Gao-xing, LI Xin, WANG Xin-jian

2024, 63(9): 47-51. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.009

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Taking apple （Malus pumila Mill.） as material and HPS bio-organic fertilizer as the research object, two treatments of HPS bio-organic fertilizer were set up, with application rates of 24 and 15 kg per plant, respectively, a 50% reduction in chemical fertilizer was conducted, and conventional fertilization was used as the control （CK）. The effects of HPS bio-organic fertilizer on soil nutrients in apple orchard, apple leaf nutrients and fruit quality were investigated. The results showed that, compared to CK, the soil nutrient content, apple leaf nutrient content and fruit quality of the two HPS bio-organic fertilizer treatments were improved. The treatment with 24 kg per plant of HPS bio-organic fertilizer showed the highest improvements, with significantly increased levels of soil available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus, soil available potassium, leaf total nitrogen, leaf total phosphorus, leaf total potassium, single fruit weight and longitudinal diameter, soluble solids, soluble sugar content, and vitamin C content （P<0.05）. This indicated that applying HPS bio-organic fertilizer under reduced chemical fertilizer conditions could enhance soil nutrients, leaf nutrients, and fruit quality, with 24 kg per plant being the optimal application rate.

Energy exchange characteristics of wetlands in the Liaohe River Delta

MIAO Jing, YANG Tong-yu, YI Xi-yan, SUN Lin-lin, YUAN Chao, ZHAO Shuo

2024, 63(9): 52-59. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.010

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To explore the energy exchange characteristics of wetlands in the Liaohe River Delta, the observation data from the Panjin Rice Experiment Station of the Northeast Ecological and Agricultural Meteorological Field Scientific Experiment Base of the China Meteorological Administration in 2019 were used to analyze the average field characteristics, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and radiation budget of paddy fields in Panjin Wetland. The results showed that the average annual temperature in the study area was 10.9 ℃, and the annual precipitation was 747.8 mm. Precipitation mainly occurred from May to September, accounting for about 88.7% of the annual precipitation;throughout the year, southwest winds dominated, followed by northeast winds. The wind speed was higher in spring and lower in other seasons. The maximum sensible heat flux and latent heat flux in each season were concentrated at noon, while the sensible heat flux was highest in spring, with an average annual value of 9.26 W/m²;the latent heat flux was concentrated from May to September, with an annual average of 53.39 W/m². The total solar radiation was the main factor affecting net radiation, and the net radiation in each season showed the order of spring>summer>autumn>winter;the downward shortwave radiation was manifested as spring>summer>autumn>winter;upward shortwave radiation was manifested as spring>summer>winter>autumn. In the energy exchange between wetlands and the atmosphere, latent heat exchange was dominant throughout the year, with sensible heat exchange being dominant in spring and summer, and latent heat exchange being dominant in autumn and winter;the Bowen ratio was positively correlated with wind speed, evapotranspiration coefficient and saturated vapor pressure difference, and the evapotranspiration coefficient was negatively correlated with wind speed. The Bowen ratio first rapidly decreased and then slowly increased to stabilize with the increase of saturated vapor pressure difference.

Land use change and ecological security evaluation in Zhangjiajie City

WANG Gao, TIAN Jian-lin, ZENG Ting, ZHANG Juan

2024, 63(9): 60-67. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.011

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In order to reveal the characteristics of land use change and its ecological security status in Zhangjiajie City, and promote the construction of regional ecological civilization, the land use transfer matrix and single dynamic degree of land use were used to analyze the characteristics of land use change in Zhangjiajie City from 2010 to 2020 and the PSR model was used to select 17 indicators to establish the evaluation index system of land ecological security in Zhangjiajie City to evaluate the land ecological security of Zhangjiajie City from 2011 to 2021. The results showed that from 2010 to 2020, cultivated land, forest land, and grassland were the main land use types in Zhangjiajie City, while water bodies and construction land accounted for a relatively small proportion;from 2010 to 2020, there were significant changes in land use in Zhangjiajie City. In addition to an increase in forest and construction land areas, there was a varying degree of reduction in arable land, grassland, and water bodies. From 2011 to 2021, all subsystems of land ecological security in Zhangjiajie City showed an overall upward trend, with the comprehensive index of land ecological security rising from 0.324 4 to 0.744 2. The land ecological security level experienced a changing process of unsafety-critical safety-relative safety, and the land ecological environment problems were improved. However, there was still a certain gap from the ideal safe state. In future ecological environment work, targeted measures should be taken to address the factors that hinder regional ecological security and fill the gaps.

Temporal characteristics and influencing factors of carbon emissions from land use in Gansu Province

ZHANG Yuan-yuan, QU Li-ping

2024, 63(9): 68-72. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.012

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Taking Gansu Province as the research area, based on the calculation of land use carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2020, the Tapio decoupling model and LMDI model were used to analyze the influencing factors of land use carbon emissions. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the contribution value of land use carbon emissions in Gansu Province was 37.557 8 million tons, but the growth rate showed a significant downward trend. There was a weak decoupling between carbon emissions from land use and economic development,although the carbon emissions from land use caused by economic development continued to increase, this growth rate was slower than the economic growth rate, and the decoupling index continued to decline, gradually approaching a strong decoupling state.Economic development was the main reason for the increase in carbon emissions from land use in Gansu Province. Land use structure had a negative impact on it, while land carbon emissions density, economic development, energy utilization, and population size had a positive impact.

Research progress on diversity and structure of bacterial communities in freshwater ecosystems

ZHANG Li-ping, LYU Hui, TANG Jia-ling, WANG Gui-chun, LYU Bin

2024, 63(9): 73-77. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.013

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Human activities, climate and environment affected freshwater ecosystems significantly. More than 90% of microorganisms in freshwater were bacteria. Changes in the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in freshwater ecosystems affected the roles of bacteria in the biogeochemical process and eco-dynamics. In this review, the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in different freshwater ecosystems （rivers, lakes, etc.） and different environmental media （water bodies, sediments, riparian soils, etc.） were compared. The physicochemical factors affecting bacterial community diversity and structure were analyzed. Molecular biological methods for studying bacterial communities were introduced. Present studies indicated that the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in freshwater ecosystems and other environmental media should be studied systematically to provide necessary information for environmental monitoring and freshwater ecosystem protection.

Phytoplankton community structure and its relationship with environmental factors in Fengjiawan Marine Pasture

ZHANG Xiao-yu, ZHENG Li-juan, MO Ya-ping, XIE Liang-han, ZHOU Zhou-na

2024, 63(9): 78-83. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.014

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With the aim of understanding the community structure of phytoplankton of Fengjia Marine Pasture in Wenchang City, Hannan Province, the phytoplankton and environmental factors were investigated in September 2019 （autumn） and March 2020 （spring）. The relationship between phytoplankton community structure and environmental factors was studied by redundancy analysis （RDA）. The results showed that, a total of 109 phytoplankton species belonging to 3 phyla and 40 genera were identified,which mainly consisted of Bacillariophyta （78 species） and Dinophyta （30 species）. The density of phytoplankton was significantly different between seasons, and it was significantly higher in autumn than in spring. The main dominant species in autumn was Skeletonema costatum, and the most dominant species was Rhizosolenia robusta in spring. In autumn, the average values of richness index, diversity index and evenness index in the control area were higher than those in the reef area, while in spring, these parameters in the reef area were higher than those in the control area. The result of redundancy analysis indicated that salinity and water temperature were the main environmental factors affecting the community structure in autumn and spring, respectively.

Antifungal effect of canthin-6-one from Ailanthus altissima on Fusarium graminearum

ZHAO Mei-rong, LI Yong-chun, LI Chun-ying

2024, 63(9): 84-88. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.015

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To further study the fungicidal effect and mechanism of canthin-6-one alkaloid from Ailanthus altissima on Fusarium graminearum, the inhibitory activity was determined by microdilution and mycelial growth inhibition methods. The antifungal mechanism of canthin-6-one was analyzed from the point of view of cell membrane by detecting the extracellular relative conductivity, content release, malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content and protective enzyme activity. The results showed that canthin-6-one had a significant inhibitory effect on Fusarium graminearum, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.0 μg/mL and a half-effective concentration of 1.85 μg/mL. The extracellular relative conductivity and the content release amount of the treated mycelia were significantly increased, while malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents were also significantly elevated. It was indicated that canthin-6-one induced oxidative damage to the cell membrane of Fusarium graminearum, resulting in the loss of membrane integrity and increased permeability, thus inhibiting mycelial growth.

Identification of pathogen of sclerotinia on Sophora tonkinensis Radix and screening of laboratory agents

SONG Li-sha, JIANG Ni, ZHANG Zhan-jiang, WEI Shu-gen, QIU Zhuo-qiu, HUANG Qi, ZHAN Xin-jie, PAN Li-mei

2024, 63(9): 89-94. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.016

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The pathogens from Sophora tonkinensis Radix were isolated by conventional tissue separation method, the pathogenicity was determined by Koch's formula, and the pathogens were identified based on morphological characteristics, mycelium fusion group determination, nuclear fluorescence staining and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. The inhibitory activities of 5 fungicides against pathogens were measured by the mycelium growth rate method. The results showed that the pathogen was Rhizoctonia solani, belonging to the fusion group AG-1. 98% hymexazol soluble power （SP）, 75% oxime ·pentazolol water dispersible granule （WG）, 250 g/L pyraclostrobin emulsifiable concentrate （EC）, 1 billion /g Trichoderma harziana suspension concentrate （SC）, and 50% carbendazim wettable power （WP） all had good inhibitory effects on the growth of pathogenic fungi mycelia. The inhibitory medium effective concentrations （EC₅₀） were 0.061 1, 0.575 7, 0.074 8, 0.284 3, 0.740 5 mg/L, respectively.

Optimization of fermentation conditions for the synthesis of D-HPPA from D-PPA by Beauveria bassiana

PENG Ji-lan, YU Jie, LIU Zong-qiu, WANG Jin-hua, GAO Wa, WANG Yong-ze

2024, 63(9): 95-101. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.017

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In order to improve the ability of Beauveria bassiana to synthesize R-（+）-2-（4-hydroxyphenoxy） propionic acid （D-HPPA） from R-（+）-2-phenoxy propionic acid （D-HPPA）, on the basis of single factor test, the liquid fermentation conditions of D-HPPA biosynthesis by Beauveria bassiana were optimized by Plackett-Burman design and Box-Behnken center combination design. The results showed that when the initial concentration of D-PPA was 40 g/L, the optimal conditions for liquid fermentation were glucose 38.70 g/L, chrysalis powder 15 g/L, FeCl₂ 1.0 g/L, inoculation amount 15% （V/V）, pH 6.6 and fermentation temperature 28 ℃. The yield of D-HPPA was （25.10±0.43） g/L, and the yield of D-HPPA was 57.24%±0.97%, which was 159% higher than that before optimization.

Analysis of microstructure difference of 22 Golden Camellia species

SU Meng-xue, YAO Han-ya, DONG Zhi-peng, GAO Hui, CHEN Qing, HOU Xiao-tao, DENG Jia-gang, XIE Yang-jiao

2024, 63(9): 102-113. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.018

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The microstructure and powder microscopic characteristics of roots, stems and leaves of 22 kinds of Golden camellia species were observed by the conventional microscopic identification method of pharmacognosy. The results showed that the 22 kinds of Golden camellia species powder could be seen （ring, thread or pore） vessel,calcium oxalate cluster crystal, irregular and branched stone cells, and infinitive stomata; the Camellia pubipetala had more non-glandular hairs, the Camellia euphlebia contained a large number of calcium oxalate cluster crystals, and the Camellia chrysantha var. had crystal sheath fibers. The palisade tissue and sponge tissue of 22 kinds of Camellia nitidissima were obviously differentiated. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals were scattered in the palisade tissue, and the palisade tissue of Golden camellia species was arranged into 1~3 layers in the leaves. Large branched stone cells and calcium oxalate cluster crystals were scattered in the sponge tissue. There were two connected vascular bundles in the Camellia longruiensis and Camellia chrysantha var., and there was only one vascular bundle in the other Golden camellia species. The transverse section of 22 kinds of Camellia nitidissima stems was mainly divided into five parts： Cork layer, cortex, phloem, xylem and pith. According to the number of stone cells in the cortex and phloem of the transverse section of the stem, Camellia nitidissima could be divided into two categories. There were stone cell rings in the cortex and phloem of the transverse section of the stems of Camellia nitidissima, Camellia fusuien achrysantha, Camellia chrysantha, Camellia euphlebia and Camellia enchengensis. There were few or very few stone cells in the cortex and phloem of the transverse section of other Camellia nitidissima stems. The transverse section of 22 kinds of Camellia nitidissima roots was mainly divided into four parts： Cork layer, cortex, phloem and xylem. After analyzing the anatomical structure indexes of roots, it was found that the diameter of lignified vessels of Camellia chrysantha was larger, which was 3~4 times that of other Camellia nitidissima, and had differential significance.

The cultivation and quality comparison of Hongwu hybrid Gastrodia elata Blvme. at different altitudes

ZHANG Ze-zhi, CHEN Sheng-hu, ZHOU Cai-hua, MA Zhao-cheng, ZHAO Xiao-wu, LUO Xiang-yin, ZHANG Sheng-ming, ZHANG Yong-hong, FENG Hai-dong

2024, 63(9): 114-118. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.019

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The commercial Hongwu hybrid Gastrodia elata Blvme. and seeds were cultivated at 1 800 m above sea level, and the correlation of agronomic characters of Hongwu hybrid Gastrodia elata Blvme. was analyzed. The commercial Hongwu hybrid Gastrodia elata Blvme. was cultivated at 1 800 m and 500 m above sea level, and the yield and correlation analysis were carried out. The results showed that when Hongwu hybrid Gastrodia elata Blvme. was cultivated at an altitude of 1 800 m, the quantity was small, and the individual weight and the yield were high. There was a significant positive correlation between individual weight and tuber length and tuber shape index. Compared with 500 m above sea level, the fresh weight, dry weight, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol content, gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol content of a single tuber were significantly higher at 1 800 m above sea level. When cultivating Hongwu hybrid Gastrodia elata Blvme. seeds, the quantity, yield, market price and cultivation benefit of seeds were higher.

Acute toxicity test of water extract and alcohol extract of ethnic medicine Diplazium lanceum and screening of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effective parts

ZHOU Chu-hui, DENG Qing-mei, CHEN Yong, YANG Wen-ling, WEI Pei, QIN Xue-mei

2024, 63(9): 119-124. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.020

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The acute toxicity of water and alcohol extracts of Diplazium lanceum was preliminarily studied and the polar sites with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects were screened. The maximum tolerable dose （MTD） of the water and alcohol extracts of Diplazium lanceum was obtained by gavage administration to mice using the maximum dosage measurement method, and the safety of Diplazium lanceum was investigated; the analgesic effect of different polar parts of Diplazium lanceum was investigated using mouse acetic acid twisting and hot plate method; the anti-inflammatory effects of different polar parts were investigated using the mouse ear swelling method; the effect of ethyl acetate extract （high, medium, low） on the levels of inflammatory factors in the serum of mice with xylene- induced ear inflammation was measured using ELISA method. The results showed that LD₅₀ was not obtained in the acute toxicity experiment of water extract and alcohol extract of Diplazium lanceum. The MTD of water extract and alcohol extract were 238.0 g/kg and 165.2 g/kg, respectively; the extracts of different polar parts of Diplazium lanceum prolonged the mice's licking time of feet; the different polar parts of Diplazium lanceum had inhibitory effects on mouse torsion, with analgesic rates ranging from 11.14% to 40.36% in each group. Among them, the ethyl acetate part had the best analgesic effect, followed by the petroleum ether part; different parts of Diplazium lanceum had inhibitory effects on mouse ear swelling, with inhibition rates ranging from 24.71% to 48.47% in each group, and ethyl acetate and petroleum ether parts had the best anti-inflammatory effects; the levels of tumor necrosis factor （TNF-α）, interleukin-1β （IL-1β）, and prostaglandin E₂（PGE₂） inflammatory factors in the serum of mice in the high, medium, and low dose groups of ethyl acetate decreased compared to the model control group. The levels of IL-1β and PGE₂ in the low and medium dose groups of ethyl acetate, as well as the level of TNF-α in the low dose group of ethyl acetate, showed significant differences compared to the model control group.

Optimizing the process of sliced coptis fresh processing on origin by orthogonal test

HUANG Hao, HU Chang-qiang, DUAN Yuan-yuan, GUO Xiao-liang

2024, 63(9): 125-128. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.021

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In order to optimize the process of sliced coptis fresh processing on origin, the effects of drying temperature before slicing, water content during slicing and drying temperature after slicing on water content, alkaloid content and processing loss were investigated by orthogonal test. In order to verify the stability of the process, 6 samples of sliced coptis were produced by the optimized process, and the stability of water content and alkaloid content was tested. The results showed that the main factors affecting the quality of sliced coptis were drying temperature after slicing and water content during slicing, while the secondary factor was drying temperature before slicing. The drying temperature before and after slicing significantly affected the moisture content of sliced coptis. The water content during slicing extremely significantly affected the processing loss of sliced coptis. The three factors had no significant effect on alkaloid content. The best process for the fresh processing on origin of sliced coptis was as follows： The fresh rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch. was dried at 60~80 ℃ until the water content was between 42% and 32%, and taken out to cut into slices. Then the slices were dried at 60 ℃ until the water content was below 12%. The content of water and alkaloid in sliced coptis produced by this process were stable and controllable and met the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

The warming effect of fully biodegradable film mulching with different colors and its effect on pepper yield

HONG Tao, WANG Bao, CHEN Zheng-hong, HOU Yao, XUE Jing-jing, ZHENG Yu, LIU Zhi-gang, ZHANG Zhi-yi

2024, 63(9): 129-133. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.022

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In order to clarify the influence of biodegradable film with different colors on the growth and development of pepper （Capsicum frutescens L.） in the alpine region of Hubei Province, field experiments were conducted to analyze the warming effect, degradation performance and pepper yield of white and black fully biodegradable film by setting up no film, white polyethylene film and black polyethylene film as controls. The results showed that the early growth stage of pepper （12~33 d after film mulching） was the main period of warming, and the film mulching mainly increased the temperature of the 5 cm soil layer during this period. The warming effect of fully biodegradable film was similar to that of polyethylene film, and the warming effect of white film was better than that of black film. The induction period of fully biodegradable film was 40~54 d, and the degradation rate of white biodegradable film was faster than that of black biodegradable film, which was not conducive to inhibiting the growth of weeds. Fully biodegradable film did not change the peak of pepper production, mainly increasing the yield of pepper from the 5th to 8th picking period. Considering factors such as insulation, weed suppression and yield, it was recommended to use 0.01 mm black fully biodegradable film made of PBAT and PLA for pepper cultivation in the alpine region of Hubei Province.

Evaluation of the nutritional and food sensory qualities of different vegetable shoots based on the fuzzy mathematical affiliation function method

YANG Xin-biao, HUANG Xing-xue, ZHU Xue-na, YE Yu-hua, WANG Ai-hua, LIN Chu-fa, FENG Jun, ZHOU Guo-lin, LIU Rui

2024, 63(9): 134-141. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.023

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In order to further explore the nutritional and edible quality characteristics of vegetable rapeseed sprouts （Brassica napus L.）（abbreviation：rapeseed sprouts）, the purple rapeseed shoots（Brassica campestris var. purpuraria, also known as red rapeseed shoots）and cabbage hearts（Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee, also known as white rapeseed shoots）, which were common vegetables used in the market for shoots, were used as comparative objects to analyze the edible sensory and nutritional indexes（total phenols, flavonoids, vitamins, mineral elements, etc.）of three types of vegetable shoots（a total of 15 different varieties）, and the fuzzy mathematical subordinate function method was used to screen out vegetable rapeseed varieties with high comprehensive quality. The results showed that there were large differences in quality among the three types of vegetable shoots, and as far as nutritional quality was concerned, the average total phenol, soluble protein, vitamin C, vitamin B₂, K, and Se contents of rapeseed sprouts were higher than those of red rapessed shoots and white rapeseed shoots. Rapeseed sprouts with the high K element content also had a low Na/K ratio, and belonged to the low-sodium and high-potassium food. Their Se content was much higher than the national minimum standard for selenium-rich vegetables, 1.6 times as much as red rapeseed shoots, 3.4 times as much as white rapeseed shoots, and the content of heavy metal elements, such as Cd and Pb, was lower than China's green food green leafy vegetable standard NY/T 743—2020. As far as sensory quality was concerned, rapeseed sprouts had the highest average sensory score （86.04 points）, which was superior to red rapeseed shoots and white rapeseed shoots. Based on the fuzzy mathematical affiliation function method, the overall ranking of the comprehensive score of rapeseed sprouts was relatively high, among which selenium Ziyuan No. 2, 21YC-76, and Shishan 2017 rapeseed sprouts had a higher comprehensive ranking, and were suitable for promotion as overwintering shoots vegetable varieties.

The influence of different feed preservatives on growth and development of silkworms（Bombyx mori L.） and their antiseptic effects

DENG Zhen-hua, HUANG Jin-zhi, ZHONG Li-jun, YU Yan-fang, DU Xian-ming, WANG Jun-wen, CHEN Zi-mei, LI Li-mei, YOU Ri-qing

2024, 63(9): 142-146. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.024

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The feed preservatives suitable for silkworm rearing in Jiangxi Province were screened, so as to provide theoretical support for the popularization and application of artificial diet rearing technology. Five preservatives, including natamycin, dimethyl fumarate, potassium sorbate, calcium propionate and Carbendazim, were added to the silkworm formula diet with the conventional diet as the cantrol, the effects of different feed preservatives on the growth and development of young silkworms and their antiseptic effects were studied. The results showed that, different preservatives in the artificial diet had a certain effect on the growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori. The highest percentage of depilation in 24 hours was found in the treatment with added potassium sorbate, reaching 94.54%, while there was no significant difference among other treatments. The weight of the 3rd instar silkworm was high in the treatments with added calcium propionate and potassium sorbate. The highest percentage of cocoon formation and the lowest percentage of the dead worm cocoon were found in the treatment of adding potassium sorbate. There were no significant differences in 1st instar weight, 2nd instar weight and cocoon quality of silkworms among different treatments. Different preservatives for artificial feed had different anti-mildew effects. During the rearing process of the silkworm, the feed supplemented with dimethyl fumarate, potassium sorbate and calcium propionate as well as the control had the least mildew degree. Under natural conditions, the feed with the addition of 0.25% potassium sorbate had the lightest mildew degree and the longest shelf life. Adding 0.25% potassium sorbate to the artificial diet had good antiseptic effect, and long shelf life of feed, and was beneficial to the growth and development of the silkworm.

Effects of different photoperiods and fertilization ratios on the industrial hemp growth in the protected cultivation

MU Nong-bu, GUO Rong, DU Guang-hui, ZHANG Qing-ying, LYU Pin, YANG Ming

2024, 63(9): 147-155. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.025

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In order to explore the effects of different photoperiods and fertilization ratios on the industrial hemp growth and CBD yield in the protected cultivation, one-year-old industrial hemp strains were used as the material, and three photoperiod treatments and 3-factor（nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium）, 4-level fertilization experiments to were set up screen out the best light supplement scheme and the best fertilization ratio. The results showed that industrial hemp had the highest agronomic index, leaf yield and CBD yield under the 18 h/d photoperiod, and the leaf photosynthetic rate was also the highest under this treatment; the highest Leaf yield, CBD yield, yield effect value, fertilizer agronomic efficiency and fertilizer contribution rate were achieved under N₁P₂K₂（P₂O₅：5.18 g/pot, K₂O：5.18 g/pot, N：7.00 g/pot） treatment, and the photosynthetic parameters and relative chlorophyll content were also at the highest level. This study concluded that the photoperiod of 18 h/d and the fertilization level of N₁P₂K₂ were the most conducive to the increase of industrial hemp production and CBD yield, which had certain reference value for the efficient cultivation of industrial hemp in the protected cultivation.

Isolation, identification and biological characterization of a strain of Riemerella anatipestifer

WANG Bo-tao, GUO Yun-qing, ZHANG Teng-fei, ZHANG Wen-ting, LU Qin, HU Qiao, LUO Qing-ping, ZHAI Xin-guo

2024, 63(9): 156-160. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.026

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In order to determine the cause of acute death of ducks in a large-scale duck farm in Xiangyang City, Hubei Province in 2022, the pathogenic bacteria were isolated, and the biochemical characteristics, drug resistance, animal regression tests and whole genome sequencing of the isolated strain were identified. The results showed that only Riemerella anatipestifer was isolated and identified as positive in acute dead duck pathogens. The drug susceptibility results showed that the isolated strains had high sensitivity to antibiotics and were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. The results of animal regression experiments showed that isolated strains could cause acute death of ducklings, typical symptoms of serositis were seen on autopsy. Histopathological sections showed obvious fibrous exudation of the heart and liver envelope, inflammatory infiltration of cardiomyocytes, a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the spleen parenchyma, and more vascular congestion and expansion in brain tissue. Virulence assays showed that the half lethal dose of isolated strains was 3.06×10⁶CFU/mL.

Habitat differences in seed dispersal distances by forest rodents in Zhang Guangcai mountains

LI Dian-wei, ZHANG Cheng-zhi, GAO Ming, CAO Yu-wei, CHANG Shi-qi, XU Meng-hao, WANG Yang

2024, 63(9): 161-166. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.027

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In order to explore the relationship between habitat and rodent dispersal to seeds,using the plastic label marking method,Pinus koraiensis（P.k）, Corylus mandshurica（C.m）, and Quercus mongolica（Q.m） seeds were used as materials for the experiments, from September to November 2020, and four habitats （broad-leaved forest, forest edge, mixed forest, artificial pine forest） in Zhangguangcai Mountains, Heilongjiang Province were selected as experimental sites. The results showed that, ①The dispersal distance of plant seeds in the artificial pine forest（2.92±2.24 m）provided a better hiding environment for rodents, with the least anthropogenic disturbance,which was much better than that in broad-leaved forest（3.69±1.92 m）, forest edge（3.46±2.29 m） and mixed forest（3.43±2.25 m）（P<0.01）. The differences in seed dispersal distances among the remaining three forest types were not significant. ②The dispersal distances of the three seeds were （4.38±3.62） m for P.k, （3.29±2.70） m for C.m, and （2.16±2.66） m for Q.m, under conditions without habitat differences. The dispersal distance of P.k, C.m and Q.m seeds was concentrated within the range of 1~6 m. It indicated that the distance of seed dispersal by rodents was related to the concealability of the habitat and the degree of artificial interference, the better the state of concealment in the habitat, the smaller the dispersal distance, the more the artificial interference, the greater the dispersal distance. Rodents differed in their diffuse selection of plant seeds. The difference in dispersal distances between P.k and C.m was not significant when habitats were not distinguished, but both were significantly greater than Q.m.

Optimization of the extraction of total flavonoids from brown rice by response surface methodology

LI Yue, CHENG Jian-feng, LUO Tong, DUAN Yi-jing

2024, 63(9): 167-172. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.028

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Using germ brown rice as the material, ethanol solution was used to extract total flavonoids, and single factor test and response surface test were carried out successively to investigate the influence of extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, extraction time and liquid material ratio on the extraction rate of total flavonoids from brown rice. The results showed that the best condition for ethanol extraction of total flavonoids from brown rice was the liquid material ratio of 20∶1, ethanol concentration of 80%, extraction temperature of 40 ℃ and extraction time of 16 min. Under this condition, the total flavonoids yield was 2.550%, and the relative error was only 1.58% compared with the predicted yield of 2.591%. The optimized method was more scientific, more accurate, simpler, more efficient,more environment-friendly and cheaper than before, and was suitable for large-scale extraction of total flavonoids from brown rice.

Process optimization and quality characteristics analysis of highland barley biscuits

CAO Wen-xiu, BAI Jia-rui, LI Guang-ying, ZHANG Yan-zhen

2024, 63(9): 173-179. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.029

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Using highland barley flour as raw material, the process formula of highland barley biscuits was optimized by single factor experiment and response surface. Combined with sensory evaluation methods, the effects of the quality ratio of highland barley flour and whole wheat flour, white sugar, olive oil and whole milk powder on the quality of highland barley biscuits were investigated, and the microbial, physicochemical and nutritional indexes were determined. The results showed that when the quality ratio of highland barley flour and whole wheat flour was 3∶1, the amount of olive oil was 20%, the amount of white sugar was 5%, and the amount of milk powder was 10%, the sensory score of highland barley biscuits reached 95.8 points. The taste characteristics of electronic tongue showed that sweet and sour taste were prominent, and all the detection indexes were in line with the corresponding national standards for biscuits. In this process, the surface of the highland barley biscuits was golden yellow, the color was uniform, and the taste was crisp, with a strong aroma of the highland barley.

QuEChERS method combined with high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for detecting residues of 10 carbamate pesticides in beer

CHANG Chen-yang, WANG Xiao, SHAN Jiao, LI Xiao-ming

2024, 63(9): 180-184. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.030

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To establish a QuEChERS high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of 10 carbamate pesticide residues in beer,beer samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and 1.5 g of sodium chloride was used for salting out. The purification agent was 30 mg PSA+15 mg GCB+885 mg anhydrous magnesium sulfate, mobile phase A was 0.01% formic acid aqueous solution+2 mmol/L ammonium formate solution, mobile phase B was methanol, and the chromatographic column was Shim pack GIST-HP C18-AQ （100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm）. The analysis was carried out in multiple reaction monitoring mode （MRM） and the external standard method was used for quantification. The results showed that there was a good linear relationship among the 10 types of carbamate pesticides within the concentration range of 5~150 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients （R²） were all greater than 0.999 0,the LOD was 0.10-1.43 μg/L, the LOQ was 0.29-4.76 μg/L, the spiked recovery rate of the sample was 85.9%~118.0%, and the RSD was 1.4%~8.8% （n=6）. This method was accurate in quantification, simple in operation, and fast in analysis, and was suitable for rapid screening and quantitative analysis of various carbamate pesticide residues in beer.

Investigation and risk assessment of pesticide residues in commercially available vegetables in Hainan Province from 2020 to 2022

LAI Xuan-cheng, CAI Yue, LI Cheng, YE Hai-mei

2024, 63(9): 185-190. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.031

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To investigate pesticide residues in commercially available vegetables in Hainan Province and evaluate the potential hazards of pesticide residues, 214 vegetable samples were collected from 18 cities and counties in Hainan Province from 2020 to 2022,33 pesticides were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the risk index（R） and index of food safety（IFS） were calculated to evaluate the risks of pesticides to human health.The results showed that from 2020 to 2022, the pesticide residues detection items for commercially available vegetables in Hainan Province included 4 categories and a total of 33 items. A total of 23 pesticides were detected, with an average content of 0.001 2~0.049 6 mg/kg,the detection rate of pesticides was shown as follows： fungicides>insecticides>carbamates>organic phosphorus;among 214 vegetable samples, at least one pesticide （73.8%） was detected in 158 samples, and 6~9 pesticides were detected in fresh legumes and leafy vegetables. Celery and ordinary Chinese cabbage had the most coexisting pesticide residues, with 9 pesticides detected in both samples; the residual risk of 23 pesticides was evaluated using the risk coefficient method. Drosophilamine was evaluated as a high-risk pesticide, while carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran were evaluated as medium risk pesticides;according to the Food Safety Index Law, the index of food safety （IFS） of 22 other pesticides, except for Methomicide, ranged from 0.000 02 to 0.012 97, all of which were far less than 1.000 00. The risk of pesticide residues in vegetables in Hainan Province could be accepted by consumers;the risk assessment results indicated that the majority of residents in Hainan Province would not face health risks from consuming commercially available vegetables in Hainan Province, but further research was needed on the hazards of the combined use of multiple pesticides.

Simultaneous determination of organic selenium and inorganic arsenic in selenium rich rice by LC-ICP-MS method

SU Ying, LIN Jin, FENG Hao, LI Yue, GUO Qing-qing, ZHOU Tao-hong

2024, 63(9): 191-195. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.032

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Using liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LC-ICP-MS） technology,a method for simultaneous detection of organic selenium and inorganic arsenic in selenium-rich rice had been established, which was used to detect the content of organic selenium and inorganic arsenic in selenium-rich rice sold in Hubei Province. The pre-treatment method for selenium rich rice involved the mixed extraction by using of 15 mg proteinase E and 15 mg proteinase K,the chromatographic conditions were performed using an AgClient ZORBAX SB Aq column, and the mobile phase consistd of a 20 mmol/L citric acid solution, a 5 mmol/L sodium hexane sulfonate solution, and a 1% methanol solution （pH=4.0）. Sample in jection was conducted at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, mass spectrometry used HEHe mode, and three types of organic selenium and two types of inorganic arsenic were separated completely within 5 minutes. The three types of organic selenium and two types of inorganic arsenic showed a good linear relationship ranging from 1 to 50 μg/L, with correlation coefficients （R²） greater than 0.999 0;the detection limits of As （Ⅴ）, As （Ⅲ）, SeCys2, MeSeCys, and SeMet were 0.10, 0.12, 0.18, 0.15, and 0.15 μg/L, respectively, which met the detection requirements. The recovery rate of inorganic arsenic was 96.2%~101.3%, with a relative standard deviation of 2.5%~3.9%;the recovery rate of organic selenium was 72.4%~100.6%, with a relative standard deviation of 2.1%~4.1%. This method was easy to operate, fast, and highly sensitive, and could be used for simultaneous detection of organic selenium and inorganic arsenic in selenium rich rice.

Hyperspectral inversion modeling of salt content in oasis soil

HUANG Shuai, TAN Hong-jing, FU Shang-ke, LI Xiao-hui, WANG Zhi-xin, XING Jian, LYU You-cheng

2024, 63(9): 196-203. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.033

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Taking Weigan River-Kuqa River Delta oasis in Xinjiang as research area, with the measured soil hyperspectral data and soil salinity as foundational data, the correlation of various spectral indices and soil salinity was analyzed, feature bands were selected, and three methods of stepwise multiple linear regression, univariate regression, and principal component regression were used to construct a hyperspectral monitoring model for soil salinity. The research indicated that based on stepwise multiple linear regression, the salinization remote sensing monitoring model utilizing logarithmic second-order differential spectral feature bands was best, with the highest stability and prediction accuracy, which could effectively estimate the soil salt content. The research results met the demand for salinization monitoring in arid regions, and provided a reliable reference for quantitative inversion of soil salinity in arid regions.

Super-resolution reconstruction of GAN pest and disease images fused with attention mechanisms

FEI Jia-jie, YANG Yi, ZENG Yan-lin, LIN Yao, HE Yi-ting, LI Qiang, ZHANG Sheng-di

2024, 63(9): 204-209. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.034

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The sample pictures of coffee and citrus pests and diseases were collected, and an attention module was added to the super-resolution reconstruction network of the original SRGAN by using TensorFlow deep learning framework. The visual quality, peak signal-to-noise ratio and structured similarity index of the reconstructed image were analyzed. The results showed that the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the designed model was improved by 2.23, and the structural similarity was enhanced by 7%, after comparing with the original SRGAN mode. Better visuals could be obtained in terms of detail texture, and the accuracy of the reconstructed image classification was improved by about 4.42 percentage points. Therefore, the model designed could be used for the expansion of samples of plant pests and diseases with small sample properties.

Spatial differentiation characteristics of rural residential areas under different terrain and landforms in the mountainous areas of Northwest Guizhou

YIN Lin-jiang, LIAO Yan-mei, ZHAO Wei-quan, LI Wei, ZHAO Zu-lun

2024, 63(9): 210-215. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.035

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In order to reveal the spatial differentiation characteristics of rural residential areas under different terrains and landforms in the mountainous areas of northwest Guizhou, taking Bijie City as an example, based on high-precision remote sensing images, methods such as hotspot detection, kernel density, and spatial superposition were used to explore the overall differentiation characteristics of rural residential areas of different scales in the mountainous areas of northwest Guizhou and their differentiation characteristics under different terrains and landforms. The results showed that rural residential areas in Bijie City were widely distributed, with a high degree of fragmentation and strong layout flexibility, mainly consisting of medium-sized rural residential areas;the overall density was relatively high, with higher values in the western and eastern regions and lower values in the central region,high density clusters were mainly large-scale rural residential areas,and low density agglomeration areas were mainly small-scale rural residential agglomeration areas;the differentiation characteristics of rural residential areas in Bijie City were quite obvious under different terrains and landforms.Within different elevations, slope orientations, and terrains undulations, medium-sized rural residential areas were the main ones,however, the distribution of rural settlements of different scales varied. Small-scale rural settlements were mainly distributed in the mountainous terrains with elevations ranging from 1 200 to 2 400 m, slopes ranging from 6° to 35°, and terrains undulations less than 400 m and the selectivity of slope orientation was not significant; medium and large-scale rural residential areas were mainly distributed in the mid mountain terrains with elevations of 1 200~2 400 m, slopes of 6°~35°, terrains undulation less than 400 m, and slopes of semi-shaded and sunny slopes.

Identification of drought resistance of polyploid Oryza sativa L. DHF-CBS gene

GE Jie, HE Yu-chi, ZHAN Fan, LI Zhi-long

2024, 63(9): 216-220. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.036

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In order to explore the drought resistance mechanism of DHF-CBS gene regulation in polyploid Oryza sativa L. under drought stress, two varieties of Oryza sativa L. were selected, namely polyploid plant Zhonghua-11 （DHF-CBS gene） and mutant plant UC-32 （non expressing DHF-CBS gene）,the GUS chemical staining results, tissue moisture content, abscisic acid （ABA） content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance （TBARS） content, glutathione （GSH） content, etc. of two types of Oryza sativa L. were analyzed. The results showed that on the 7th day of drought stress, some leaves of Zhonghua-11 remained green and firm. On the 11th day of drought stress, the entire plant's leaves turned yellow, and some leaves even withered,after observing the phenotype under drought stress, it was found that Zhonghua-11 had stronger drought resistance than UC-32. Analysis of the water content, ABA content, TBARS content, and GSH content of Oryza sativa L. showed that the drought resistance of Zhonghua-11 was better than that of UC-32, indicating that the DHF-CBS gene enhanced the drought resistance of Oryza sativa L..

The influence of digital financial innovation on rural economic development under the background of rural revitalization

MA Yu-juan, SUN Min

2024, 63(9): 221-226. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.037

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Using the fixed effect model and GMM model, the influence of digital financial innovation on rural economic development was mainly analyzed. The results showed that digital financial innovation was positively related to the level of rural economic development, that was, digital finance could effectively promote rural economic development. The higher the popularity and convenience of digital finance, the stronger the promotion of rural economic development level. In addition, there were regional differences in the role of digital finance in promoting rural economy, with the eastern region being the weakest, the western region being the middle and the central region being the strongest.

Research on the evaluation and influencing factors of regional eco-efficiency in Dabie Mountain：Based on the perspective of digital economy

XING Yu, XIA Qing-li, ZHANG Ming-ru, XIAO Xiang-xia, CHANG Tian-tian

2024, 63(9): 227-233. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.038

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Based on the panel data of 47 counties in Dabei Mountain area from 2011 to 2020, the SBM model, ML index and its decomposition index were used to calculate and evaluate the static efficiency and dynamic efficiency, and the Tobit model was used to analyze the influencing factors. The results showed that the ecological static efficiency of Dabie Mountain showed an increasing trend and differentiated development characteristics. The ecological dynamic efficiency of Dabie Mountain showed a fluctuating growth trend, which was mainly due to the gain effect of technological progress. Digital economy, green innovation, economic development, industrial structure and environmental regulation promoted the improvement of ecological efficiency, while energy consumption and population size were inhibiting factors. Therefore, it was necessary to make good use of digital technology to enable ecological protection and tackle key problems of green and low-carbon technology; improve regional environmental regulations and foster new driving forces for green development; promote high-quality development of the regional economy and accelerate the green transformation of the industrial structure.

Effect of agricultural products trade liberalization on agricultural carbon emissions and its mechanism

KE Mei-gao, JI Guan-xin, ZHOU Hai-qiong

2024, 63(9): 234-239. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.039

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Based on the nonlinear panel data in China from 2004 to 2019, the mechanism of agricultural products trade liberalization on China's agricultural carbon emissions was empirically tested. The results showed that the structural effect caused by the scale effect, technology effect and capital-labor ratio improved the level of agricultural carbon emissions in China, appearing abnormal “positive technique effect”. Trade-induced structural effects lowered the level of agricultural carbon emissions in China. On the whole, trade liberalization of agricultural products made the level of agricultural carbon emissions rising. China was a deficit country in agricultural products trade, and there was an inverted “U” shaped environmental Kuznets curve. China's agriculture basically reached a “carbon peak” in 2017.

Development and application of evaluation criteria for the integrated development of culture and tourism in the context of rural revitalization

ZHAO Lin-long

2024, 63(9): 240-246. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.040

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Based on the comprehensive index evaluation method, the evaluation criteria for the integrated development of rural revitalization culture and tourism were established, and according to the evaluation criteria, suggestions for the integrated development of rural revitalization culture and tourism in the Nanjiang Lake tourism characteristic town in Ankang, southern Shaanxi were put forward, that was, building a legendary Nanjiang Lake tourism characteristic town; creating a cultural brand of “mysterious Nanjiang Lake, delicacies and seafood”; highlighting the industrial integration development of culture and tourism integration; building the original ecological landscape garden “suburban park” with the traffic pattern of urbanization.

Coupling coordination, spatiotemporal evolution, and driving factors of rural resilience in Xinjiang

XU Wen-juan, HUANG Fo-jun, YE Mao, SUN Jing-xin

2024, 63(9): 247-256. doi:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2024.09.041

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Based on resilience theory, a rural resilience evaluation index system was constructed. Taking 68 county-level units in Xinjiang as the research object, combining the relationship between system structure and function, this study comprehensively applied entropy weight method, coupling coordination degree model, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and geographic detector to explore the coupling coordination, spatiotemporal evolution laws, and internal driving factors of rural structural resilience and functional resilience in Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of rural resilience in Xinjiang was uneven, and the coupling coordination degree showed a trend of slow development from basic imbalance to basic coordination; the clustering characteristics of high and low value regions were obvious; the average characteristic of structural resilience was a slight decrease followed by stable development, with low value units distributed in a ‘triangular' shape. The interaction between the proportion of rural residential land and the level of land reclamation was the dominant factor in the formation of spatial patterns;the average characteristic of functional resilience was an upward-downward-upward trend, with low, medium, and high resilience being the dominant factors overall. Counties with high and low resilience were sporadically distributed in counties, and agricultural production efficiency, modernization level, and total crop sowing area played a dominant role in the development pattern of rural functional resilience.

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