Abstract: Under the background that the joint construction of “The Belt and Road” would bring both opportunities and challenges to China’s agricultural trade, based on the agricultural products import and export trade data of China and five Central Asian countries from 2010 to 2019, the revealed comparative advantage （RCA） index was used to analyze the comparative advantage of agricultural products trade between China and five Central Asian countries. The results showed that compared with the five Central Asian countries, China’s overall comparative advantage of agricultural products trade was weaker, only higher than Turkmenistan, and much lower than Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In the specific classification, no matter animal products, plant products, animal oil products or agricultural products, all showed weaker comparative advantages. Therefore, under “the Belt and Road Initiative”, China should continuously optimize the trade structure of agricultural products import and export between China and the five Central Asian countries; in order to meet the changing needs of trade transactions, it should be improved the level of infrastructure services, further improved and implemented the customs reservation service system for goods clearance and improved the reservation rate of goods clearance; it should be strengthened in-depth cooperation in agricultural trade between China and five Central Asian countries and improved China’s comparative advantage in agricultural trade.

Key words: China and five Central Asian countries, agricultural trade, comparative advantage, “the Belt and Road Initiative”